UPSC Anthropology Optional Question Paper 2026: Paper I and Paper II, All Questions
Every question from UPSC Anthropology optional Paper I and Paper II 2026, with marks, syllabus unit tags and a unit-wise split of where the marks sat.
The UPSC Anthropology optional paper 2026 is reproduced in full below, Paper I and Paper II, with each question’s marks and the syllabus unit it came from. Each paper printed 8 questions worth 400 marks, and you attempt 5 of them for 250 marks in three hours. Questions 1 and 5 are compulsory sets of short notes, and the other three must include at least one from each section.
Each paper opens with a download link and ends with a unit-wise split of its marks. That split is the part to study if you’re planning preparation, because it shows where the 2026 examiner put the weight across the biological, archaeological and socio-cultural sides of the subject.
Anthropology Optional 2026 Paper I
Official paper: Anthropology Optional 2026 Paper I (UPSC PDF). Time allowed three hours, maximum marks 250.
Anthropological theories were the biggest unit at 65 marks, with structuralism asked twice (2c on caste and gender, 8a comparing Leach with Geertz), plus Leslie White and culture and personality. The biological side stayed heavy: human genetics, evolution and primates, growth and fertility and the applied topics together took 175 of 400 marks. Question 3(c) on Paleolithic sites around the Himalayas is Indian prehistory printed in Paper I, so Paper II’s archaeology reading pays twice.
Section A
| Q. | Question | Marks | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1(a) | Health as a cultural construct | 10 | Ecological and Epidemiological Anthropology |
| 1(b) | Canalization and catch-up growth | 10 | Growth, Development and Fertility |
| 1(c) | Myth as oral literature | 10 | Religion |
| 1(d) | Genetic polymorphism and natural selection | 10 | Human Genetics |
| 1(e) | Ethnoarchaeology and classical archaeology | 10 | Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating |
| 2(a) | What is meant by a somatotype? Discuss the Heath-Carter anthropometric method, giving its advantages over that of Sheldon’s method. How can somatotyping be applied in sports sciences? | 20 | Growth, Development and Fertility |
| 2(b) | How do religious beliefs help people to devise cultural mechanisms to adapt to their environment? Discuss in detail with appropriate examples. | 15 | Religion |
| 2(c) | How is the theory of structuralism helpful in understanding the concepts of caste and gender? | 15 | Anthropological Theories |
| 3(a) | How do the concepts of power, authority, legitimacy and social control change with changing political organization? Discuss in detail giving suitable examples. | 20 | Political Organization and Social Control |
| 3(b) | Human evolution is a product of both biological and cultural factors. Elaborate. | 15 | Human Evolution, Primates and Hominids |
| 3(c) | Give the distribution of Palaeolithic sites around the Himalayan and Sub-Himalayan areas, highlighting the typo-technologies of the tools. | 15 | Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating |
| 4(a) | Discuss the phylogenetic status, characteristic features, geographical distribution and lifeways of Paranthropus. | 20 | Human Evolution, Primates and Hominids |
| 4(b) | Discuss ‘incest taboo’ as the basis of development of kinship systems in human societies. | 15 | Marriage, Family and Kinship |
| 4(c) | Numerical chromosomal aberrations can be due to abnormalities in autosomes as well as sex chromosomes. Elaborate in terms of the effects these have on human body, giving suitable examples. | 15 | Human Genetics |
Section B
| Q. | Question | Marks | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5(a) | Ethics in anthropological fieldwork | 10 | Research Methods |
| 5(b) | Distinguishing features of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA | 10 | Human Genetics |
| 5(c) | Feminist movement and family | 10 | Marriage, Family and Kinship |
| 5(d) | Anthropometry in ergonomics | 10 | Applications of Anthropology |
| 5(e) | Thermoluminescence dating method | 10 | Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating |
| 6(a) | How would you find out that a particular disease/disorder is inherited and, if so, in which manner? Elaborate with suitable examples. | 20 | Human Genetics |
| 6(b) | Critically discuss how culture determines human behaviour in the light of Leslie White’s theory. | 15 | Anthropological Theories |
| 6(c) | What are Strepsirhini Primates? Describe their geographical distribution and mention the characteristics that distinguish them from Haplorhini Primates. | 15 | Human Evolution, Primates and Hominids |
| 7(a) | Discuss the mixed method approach in anthropological research. | 20 | Research Methods |
| 7(b) | What do you understand by fertility and mortality? How are these influenced by biological and socio-ecological factors? | 15 | Growth, Development and Fertility |
| 7(c) | Write a detailed note on the characteristic features, chronology, geographical distribution, tool types and lifeways of Magdalenian cultural tradition of Europe. | 15 | Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating |
| 8(a) | Compare Edmund Leach’s structuralism with interpretive anthropology of Clifford Geertz. | 20 | Anthropological Theories |
| 8(b) | In what manner is our understanding of serogenetics and cytogenetics useful in reproductive biology? What are the major ethical issues involved in reproductive technology? | 15 | Applications of Anthropology |
| 8(c) | Discuss, with appropriate examples, how basic personality types may lead towards building up of national character. | 15 | Anthropological Theories |
2026 Paper I: where the marks sat
| Unit | Marks | Share of paper |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropological Theories | 65 | 16.2% |
| Human Genetics | 55 | 13.8% |
| Human Evolution, Primates and Hominids | 50 | 12.5% |
| Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating | 50 | 12.5% |
| Growth, Development and Fertility | 45 | 11.2% |
| Research Methods | 30 | 7.5% |
| Applications of Anthropology | 25 | 6.2% |
| Marriage, Family and Kinship | 25 | 6.2% |
| Religion | 25 | 6.2% |
| Political Organization and Social Control | 20 | 5.0% |
| Ecological and Epidemiological Anthropology | 10 | 2.5% |
Anthropology Optional 2026 Paper II
Official paper: Anthropology Optional 2026 Paper II (UPSC PDF). Time allowed three hours, maximum marks 250.
Anthropology in India, the unit on its scholars, was the biggest block at 60 marks, and counting Elwin (4a) and Bailey’s Bisipara study (3a), six parts worth 100 marks turned on the work of named anthropologists and scholar-administrators. Tribal policy, development, problems and movements took another 130 marks, with current programmes asked by name: Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan (2b) and DAPST (7c). Prehistory and paleoanthropology still held 70 marks, from the Narmada Man debate to the Mesolithic of the Ganga basin.
Section A
| Q. | Question | Marks | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1(a) | Dravidian language family and its tribal speakers. | 10 | Demographic Profile and Population Diversity |
| 1(b) | Seed Eaters Model of hominid differentiation. | 10 | Paleoanthropological Evidence from India |
| 1(c) | Tana Bhagat movement. | 10 | Tribal Movements and Ethnicity |
| 1(d) | Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) of the islands. | 10 | Tribal Administration and Policy |
| 1(e) | Kumar Suresh Singh’s contribution in studying tribal movements. | 10 | Anthropology in India: Scholars |
| 2(a) | What are the major debates related to the concept of jajmani system ? | 20 | Caste System and Sacred Complex |
| 2(b) | ‘Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan aims to meet some of the Sustainable Development Goals’. Discuss. | 15 | Tribal Development and Social Change |
| 2(c) | What are the evidences available regarding crops and domesticated animals of Indus Valley Civilization ? What are the views of the scholars regarding Indus script ? | 15 | Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization |
| 3(a) | Critically examine the salience of F. G. Bailey’s study on Bisipara village of Odisha. | 20 | Indian Village |
| 3(b) | Discuss the impact of Christianity on the tribal population of Jharkhand. | 15 | Impact of Religions |
| 3(c) | Discuss with examples, how general comparative analogy has been used for ethnoarchaeological studies in India. | 15 | Ethno-archaeology in India |
| 4(a) | Write an account on the contribution of Verrier Elwin in developing policies for the tribal populations in post-independent India. | 20 | Tribal Administration and Policy |
| 4(b) | Why the classifications of Indian populations, based on somatometric and somatoscopic characteristics failed to develop a common understanding of the population diversity ? | 15 | Demographic Profile and Population Diversity |
| 4(c) | Make a critical appraisal of Niyamgiri movement against mining-induced displacement. | 15 | Tribal Movements and Ethnicity |
Section B
| Q. | Question | Marks | Unit |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5(a) | Buddhist tribes of India. | 10 | Impact of Religions |
| 5(b) | Debate regarding the phylogenetic position of Narmada Man. | 10 | Paleoanthropological Evidence from India |
| 5(c) | Article 371A of the Indian Constitution. | 10 | Constitutional Safeguards |
| 5(d) | Nature-Man-Spirit-Complex. | 10 | Caste System and Sacred Complex |
| 5(e) | Contribution of L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer in Anthropology. | 10 | Anthropology in India: Scholars |
| 6(a) | Make a critical appraisal of the mesolithic culture of Ganga basin with reference to artifacts, faunal and human skeletal remains excavated from different sites. | 20 | Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization |
| 6(b) | Discuss the impact of democratic institutions on the tribal populations of India. | 15 | Tribal Development and Social Change |
| 6(c) | Write an account on the prevalence of sickle cell disease among the tribal populations of India. What are the initiatives undertaken by the affected states to tackle with this disease ? | 15 | Problems of Tribal Communities |
| 7(a) | Assess the contribution of colonial scholars in studying the tribal populations of North-East India. | 20 | Anthropology in India: Scholars |
| 7(b) | Does caste as a social category exist among the non-Hindu communities in India ? Illustrate your answer with suitable examples. | 15 | Caste System and Sacred Complex |
| 7(c) | Write an account on Development Action Plan for Scheduled Tribes (DAPST). | 15 | Tribal Administration and Policy |
| 8(a) | Make a critical appraisal of Surajit Sinha’s line of argument that tribes and castes may not be isolated social categories, but are a part of the great Indian civilization. | 20 | Anthropology in India: Scholars |
| 8(b) | What are the major challenges tribal communities are facing in contemporary India ? | 15 | Problems of Tribal Communities |
| 8(c) | What are the provisions given in the Constitution of India for the safeguard of the Scheduled Caste populations ? | 15 | Constitutional Safeguards |
2026 Paper II: where the marks sat
| Unit | Marks | Share of paper |
|---|---|---|
| Anthropology in India: Scholars | 60 | 15.0% |
| Caste System and Sacred Complex | 45 | 11.2% |
| Tribal Administration and Policy | 45 | 11.2% |
| Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization | 35 | 8.8% |
| Problems of Tribal Communities | 30 | 7.5% |
| Tribal Development and Social Change | 30 | 7.5% |
| Constitutional Safeguards | 25 | 6.2% |
| Demographic Profile and Population Diversity | 25 | 6.2% |
| Impact of Religions | 25 | 6.2% |
| Tribal Movements and Ethnicity | 25 | 6.2% |
| Indian Village | 20 | 5.0% |
| Paleoanthropological Evidence from India | 20 | 5.0% |
| Ethno-archaeology in India | 15 | 3.8% |
What the 2026 Anthropology papers rewarded
Paper I came close to an even split between the two halves of the syllabus. Genetics, evolution, growth and applied topics took 175 marks, theory, religion, kinship, political organization and methods took 165, prehistoric archaeology took 50 and the note on health as a cultural construct the last 10. The theory questions went past naming schools: 2(c) asks you to apply structuralism to caste and gender, and 8(c) asks how basic personality types build a national character, so each needs an example you can defend.
Paper II rewarded knowing who said what about Indian society. K. S. Singh, L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, Surajit Sinha, Verrier Elwin and F. G. Bailey all appear by name, and 7(a) asks for colonial scholarship on the tribes of the North-East. The tribal half also tracked policy closely: a current scheme, Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan, is asked for its fit with the Sustainable Development Goals, and 6(c) wants sickle cell disease along with what the affected states have done about it.
The constitutional questions were narrow and factual. Article 371A (5c) and the safeguards for Scheduled Castes (8c) are worth 25 marks between them, the kind of marks that come straight from a well-kept list.
On Paper I, Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating carried exactly 50 marks in all four years. Anthropological Theories is the biggest unit in most years: 65, 85, 110 and 65. On this table it also holds the questions on the nature of culture, language and the scope of anthropology, which don’t have a row of their own; they made up 75 of the 110 marks in 2025. Human Genetics peaked at 90 in 2024 and has held at 55 since. Growth, Development and Fertility is the most uneven: 25 in 2023, nothing in 2024, 20 in 2025 and 45 in 2026. Human Evolution, Primates and Hominids edged up from 35 in 2024 to 50 in 2026.
On Paper II, Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization is the steady anchor at 35 to 50 marks a year. The other big units take turns. Caste System and Sacred Complex led in 2023 with 85 marks, fell to 15 in 2024, then came back to 30 in 2025 and 45 in 2026. Problems of Tribal Communities jumped from 15 in 2023 to 80 in 2024, then settled at 25 and 30. Tribal Movements and Ethnicity rose to 45 and 50 in 2024 and 2025 before halving to 25 in 2026. Anthropology in India: Scholars alternates: 35, 60, 15, 60. Ethno-archaeology in India is the thinnest unit, with 10 marks in 2023, none in 2024 or 2025, and 15 in 2026.
Paper I: marks by unit, 2023 to 2026
| Unit | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human Evolution, Primates and Hominids | 40 | 35 | 45 | 50 |
| Prehistoric Archaeology and Dating | 50 | 50 | 50 | 50 |
| Marriage, Family and Kinship | 35 | 25 | 30 | 25 |
| Political Organization and Social Control | 25 | 40 | 0 | 20 |
| Religion | 15 | 0 | 15 | 25 |
| Anthropological Theories | 65 | 85 | 110 | 65 |
| Research Methods | 40 | 30 | 25 | 30 |
| Human Genetics | 60 | 90 | 55 | 55 |
| Ecological and Epidemiological Anthropology | 15 | 15 | 35 | 10 |
| Growth, Development and Fertility | 25 | 0 | 20 | 45 |
| Applications of Anthropology | 30 | 30 | 15 | 25 |
Paper II: marks by unit, 2023 to 2026
| Unit | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | 2026 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evolution of Indian Culture and Civilization | 40 | 50 | 40 | 35 |
| Paleoanthropological Evidence from India | 25 | 0 | 30 | 20 |
| Ethno-archaeology in India | 10 | 0 | 0 | 15 |
| Demographic Profile and Population Diversity | 45 | 35 | 45 | 25 |
| Caste System and Sacred Complex | 85 | 15 | 30 | 45 |
| Impact of Religions | 25 | 25 | 15 | 25 |
| Anthropology in India: Scholars | 35 | 60 | 15 | 60 |
| Indian Village | 10 | 25 | 40 | 20 |
| Problems of Tribal Communities | 15 | 80 | 25 | 30 |
| Constitutional Safeguards | 25 | 20 | 15 | 25 |
| Tribal Development and Social Change | 30 | 15 | 40 | 30 |
| Tribal Movements and Ethnicity | 15 | 45 | 50 | 25 |
| Tribal Administration and Policy | 40 | 30 | 55 | 45 |
The syllabus is set out clause by clause on the <a href=”/anthropology-optional-syllabus/”>Anthropology optional syllabus</a> page, and the unit names above follow its headings. For preparation, the <a href=”/upsc-anthropology-notes/”>UPSC Anthropology notes</a> cover both papers.
Still choosing an optional? <a href=”/anthropology-optional/”>Anthropology optional for UPSC</a> sets out what the subject asks of you, and the <a href=”/upsc-optional-subjects/”>UPSC optional subjects</a> guide covers the other choices.
Frequently Asked Questions
What was asked in the UPSC Anthropology optional paper 2026?
Paper I covered anthropological theory, including structuralism twice, Leslie White and culture and personality, along with human genetics, Paranthropus and the Strepsirhini primates, prehistory from the Magdalenian to thermoluminescence dating and anthropometry in ergonomics. Paper II covered Indian prehistory and the Narmada Man debate, caste and the jajmani system and Indian anthropologists by name, along with tribal policy, problems and movements.
How many questions and marks are there in each Anthropology optional paper?
Each paper prints 8 questions in two sections, each worth 50 marks, and you answer 5 of them for 250 marks in three hours. In both 2026 papers Questions 1 and 5 were five 10-mark notes of about 150 words each, and the other questions split into parts of 20, 15 and 15 marks.
Where can I download the official 2026 Anthropology optional question papers?
UPSC publishes the official Mains question papers as PDFs on the previous question papers page at upsc.gov.in, and both 2026 Anthropology papers are there. Each paper on this page also opens with its own download link.
How should I use the 2026 Anthropology paper in my preparation?
Write the two compulsory note questions first under time, because notes on terms such as canalization or thermoluminescence dating reward a precise definition and one example. Then use the unit split to decide which parts of your notes need more depth before your next full-length attempt.
How does the 2026 Anthropology paper compare with the syllabus?
Paper I split almost evenly, with 175 marks on the biological side, 165 on the socio-cultural side and 50 on prehistoric archaeology. Paper II gave 130 marks to tribal policy, development, problems and movements and 60 to the history of anthropology in India, the two biggest blocks of that paper.
Is Anthropology Paper II mostly about tribes?
About a third of it. Tribal policy, development, problems and movements took 130 of 400 marks in 2026, and some scholar and constitution questions were about tribes too. The rest went to Indian prehistory, caste and the sacred complex, religion, village studies and the history of anthropology in India.