Mother Teresa: Compassion, Service and the Ethics of Care (UPSC Ethics — GS IV)

Mother Teresa (1910-1997) is the ethical figure who reminds modern public life that morality is not only argument but attention. A Roman Catholic nun who devoted her life to serving the poor and destitute, she spent decades in Calcutta where she founded the Missionaries of Charity, a religious congregation devoted to helping those in great need. In 1979 she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize and became, across faiths and continents, a symbol of charitable and selfless work. In 2016 she was canonised by the Roman Catholic Church as Saint Teresa.

For UPSC GS IV, Mother Teresa matters not as a theological figure but as an ethical one. She embodies an ethics of compassion, dignity, and service that speaks directly to the moral vocabulary of public administration — especially in a country where poverty, disease, disability and ageing populations test the humanity of our systems every day.

Values and Beliefs That Shaped a Life

Mother Teresa held a cluster of values that organised her work and gave it coherence. She was a Christian who followed in the footsteps of Jesus, constantly caring for the poor in Calcutta. But the force of her example was intelligible to people of every faith and none, because the values she lived by are translatable into any moral vocabulary.

• Service as worship: she believed she served God by serving and nursing the poor. The needy, she felt, carried the image of the divine; attending to them was attending to the sacred.
• The three vows — with a fourth: she took the traditional monastic vows of poverty, chastity and obedience, and added one of her own: "wholehearted and free service to the poor." This fourth vow distinguished her community from other religious orders and foregrounded practical action.
• No one left behind: she insisted that no person should feel unwanted or unloved. The emotional poverty of being ignored, she argued, was in many ways deeper than material poverty. "The greatest disease in the West today is not TB or leprosy," she famously said, "it is being unwanted, unloved, uncared for."
• Dignity in the last moments: she believed that dying people deserved attention, cleanliness, and the sense that someone cared. Her hospices tried to restore that dignity to those denied it everywhere else.

These beliefs contributed greatly to her life and shaped her choices, her relationships, and her influence on society. They also form, when translated, an ethical agenda for any public service.

Major Contributions

The institutional work Mother Teresa built is as important as the values she preached. A civil servant thinking about welfare delivery, end-of-life care, disability services, and the ethics of scarce attention can learn from the organisational forms she created.

Missionaries of Charity (1950)

In 1950, Mother Teresa established the Missionaries of Charity as a Roman Catholic religious congregation in Kolkata. It began as a small community of twelve members. It then began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India.

In 1965, Pope Paul VI approved Mother Teresa's request to expand her congregation to other countries. Its first house outside India was opened in Venezuela the same year. The order continues today to care for refugees, former prostitutes, the mentally ill, sick children, abandoned children, people affected by leprosy and HIV-AIDS, the elderly and convalescents.

The ethical architecture is worth noticing. The order did not grow by chasing easy cases; it grew by adopting the ones others refused. Each new house began with a question: who here has nowhere else to go?

Nirmal Hriday — The Home for the Dying (1952)

In 1952, Mother Teresa opened her first hospice for the sick, destitute and the dying in Kalighat, Kolkata, with help from Indian officials. She did so by seeking permission to use an old abandoned Hindu temple to the goddess Kali — a gesture of respect for local religious sensibility even as she worked from a Christian vocation.

Known as the Kalighat Home for the Dying, the hospice provided medical attention to those in need. Crucially, it gave people the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their own faith. No one was pressured to convert. The last rites appropriate to each resident's tradition were honoured. This is an important detail: her ethics was universalist in its attention, not in its theology.

Nirmala Shishu Bhavan — The Children's Home (1955)

In 1955, the Missionaries of Charity opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart. It was their first children's home and it cared for orphans. The centre took homeless children and provided them with food, shelter and medical care. Where possible, the children were adopted out. Those not adopted were given an education, learnt a trade skill, and were supported through marriage.

The model combined emergency response with long-term rehabilitation — shelter, health, education, skilling, and eventual independence. Contemporary childcare institutions, including those run under India's Juvenile Justice Act, aim for a similar arc.

Leprosy Work

Mother Teresa created a Leprosy Fund and a Leprosy Day to help educate the public about leprosy, as many people feared the contagious disease. She also established several mobile leper clinics to provide the infected with medicine and bandages near their homes.

This combination of public education, mobile service delivery, and community-based treatment is a template that public health systems still emulate. Leprosy control in India has drawn on similar approaches, with meaningful reduction in prevalence over decades.

An Ethics of Compassion

What moral framework does Mother Teresa embody? Several strands intertwine.

• An ethics of care: contemporary feminist ethics speaks of care as a moral practice grounded in relationships of attentiveness, responsibility and responsiveness. Mother Teresa's work exemplifies this before the theory named it.
• Dignity-based ethics: consonant with Kant's principle of humanity, she treated each person as an end, never as a statistic. A dying man in the gutter was, in her response, as full a moral universe as anyone else.
• Virtue ethics in practice: her cardinal virtues — compassion, humility, perseverance — were cultivated not by argument but by daily repetition. Her work is an example of what Aristotle called habituation.
• Service theology: her framing belongs to a broader tradition of service ethics found in the Gita's nishkama karma, Vivekananda's manava seva, and Gandhi's antyodaya — the uplift of the last person.

None of these alone captures her; all of them together begin to.

Criticisms

It is useful for a GS IV answer to acknowledge that Mother Teresa's legacy has been contested. Critics have raised concerns about:

• The quality of medical care in her homes and the sourcing and transparency of donations.
• The degree to which suffering was theologised rather than alleviated in some of her writings.
• The scale of outcomes relative to the resources raised, and whether a public health approach might have achieved more.

A balanced answer engages these criticisms honestly. They do not erase her contribution; they sharpen the question of what it takes to translate compassion into effective institutions. For a civil servant, this is exactly the right question.

Mother Teresa for the Civil Servant

Her ethics translates into several operational principles for public administration.

• Attention is a resource. Systems that treat citizens as case numbers fail the dignity test, however efficient they are on paper.
• Last-mile delivery matters most. Going to where the poor live, rather than expecting them to come to government offices, is often the difference between a scheme that works and a scheme that does not.
• Start with those the system has given up on. The hardest cases are precisely the ones where a public service can establish whether it genuinely serves the public.
• Respect local culture in the delivery of universal values. Operating a hospice out of a Kali temple, honouring the rites of each resident — these are details that speak of cultural intelligence as a component of ethical practice.
• Personal example sustains institutions. Founders set moral defaults. A leader who is seen to clean, listen, or stay late with a dying stranger creates a culture that outlives any manual.

Indian administrative examples echo these principles. Armstrong Pame, the IAS officer who crowdfunded a road in Nagaland. Parameswaran Iyer, who cleaned toilets to demonstrate the Swachh Bharat mission. District collectors who establish night-time helplines for women in distress. Each in their own way is practising the ethics Mother Teresa lived.

Case study prompts

• A district administration runs a shelter for the homeless. Staff complain that a few residents are chronically uncooperative and should be removed. Using Mother Teresa's insistence that no one should be unwanted, frame the ethical reasoning for the administrator.
• A public health officer must decide whether to prioritise prestigious, visible interventions or unglamorous last-mile care for the terminally ill in a district where palliative services barely exist. Apply an ethics of dignity and care.
• A welfare scheme requires proof of identity that the poorest applicants cannot easily obtain. Using the ethical vocabulary of compassion and attention, outline a practical response that does not simply deny benefits on procedural grounds.

UPSC Relevance

Mother Teresa features in GS IV questions on compassion, public service ethics, dignity of marginalised persons, last-mile service delivery, and the moral foundations of welfare. Aspirants should be able to connect her life to the ethics of care, to Kantian dignity, to Gandhi's antyodaya, and to concrete Indian programmes in health, childcare, disability, and palliative services. Used well, she becomes a reminder that ethics in public life is not only about what we decide but about how we show up for the people we serve.