Context:

M Modi’s recent criticism of the “Macaulay mindset” and colonial hangover. Shashi Tharoor argues that English is no longer just a colonial legacy, but an Indian language that India now “speaks to itself.” The debate is connected to nationalism, education reforms (NEP), decolonisation, and linguistic identity.

Macaulay Mindset:

• Advocated creating a class of Indians “English in tastes, opinions, morals, and intellect.”
• Promoted English and dismissed Indian knowledge systems.
• Aimed to create intermediaries for the British administration.

• PM Modi’s argument:
  • India must reject colonial mental chains and restore civilizational confidence.
• Tharoor’s counter-point:
  • India has already appropriated English; it is no longer a foreign tool of domination.

THAROOR’S CENTRAL ARGUMENTS:

• Irony in attacking Macaulay now:
  • English was meant to be an elitist tool.
  • Macaulay did not envision English becoming a mass language in India.
  • But Indians democratised it: rickshaw-pullers, migrant workers, domestic workers, and lower-middle class parents demand English education for upward mobility.
• India increasingly uses English for self-communication:
  • India no longer uses English just to talk to the world, but also to itself.
  • English is the language of:
    • courts and contracts
    • science and technology
    • business
    • higher education
    • competitive exams
    • media
    • internal policy discourse
• English is now an Indian language, not a colonial imposition
  • Nations like China, Japan, South Korea retained cultural confidence while embracing modernity.
  • India’s problem was not English but the pedestal English was placed on.
  • NEP rightly wants Indian languages to flourish but without discarding English.
• English enables access to global knowledge:
  • Indian students would be handicapped without English access to science, philosophy, literature.
  • English allows India to “unlock important doors” domestically and globally.

➡️ Teach Kalidasa + Shakespeare,
➡️ Ramayana + Bible,
➡️ Upanishads + Plato,
➡️ Laila-Majnu + Sufi thinkers + Bhakti movement.

Balanced civilizational education, not cultural isolation.

Reality:

• India’s economy needs English.
• India’s global ambition needs English.
• Students and parents WANT English.

Thus, anti-English speeches do not match societal aspirations.

Solution:

• Adopt multilingualism, not English abolition
  • Keep English + strengthen Indian languages
• Increase mother-tongue education WITHOUT reducing English exposure
  • NEP’s direction is correct but must be implemented realistically.
• Cultural confidence must be rooted in knowledge of:
  • Indian texts
  • Indian philosophies
  • Western and global knowledge too
• Use English as a tool, not a marker of superiority
  • Dethrone English from privilege, not from usefulness.

For Reference:

Context:

Deepavali (Diwali), India’s major festival of lights, has been added to UNESCO’s Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. This comes a year after Parsi New Year Navroz was added. Other Indian elements already on the list include Durga Puja, Garba, Kumbh Mela, Ramlila, Vedic chanting, etc.

UPSC Relevance:

Art and Culture

UPSC PYQ:

Q. Which one of the following was the latest inclusion in the Intangible Cultural Heritage List of UNESCO?

[A] Chhau dance

[B] Durga puja.

[C] Garba dance

[D] Kumbh mela

About:

Decision at UNESCO Meeting:

• Decision taken during UNESCO’s ICH Committee session, being hosted by India for the first time, in Delhi’s Red Fort.

India’s Nomination Process:

• India submitted the Deepavali dossier in 2023 for 2024–25 cycle.
• For next year, India has nominated Bihar’s Chhath Puja for consideration.

Sangeet Natak Akademi (nodal agency for ICH in India) coordinated the nomination.

UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage:

• According to UNESCO’s 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, ICH is manifested into five broad domains:
  • Oral traditions and expressions, including language as a vehicle of the intangible cultural heritage.
  • Performing arts
  • Social practices, rituals and festive events
  • Knowledge and practices concerning nature and the universe
  • Traditional craftsmanship

ICH list India: