(a) “For any kind of social re-engineering by successfully implementing welfare schemes, a civil servant must use reason and critical thinking in an ethical framework.” Justify this statement with suitable examples. (b) What are the major teachings of Mahavir? Explain their relevance in the contemporary world.

(a) Reason and critical thinking in an ethical framework

Social re-engineering through welfare schemes requires a civil servant to think critically—questioning assumptions, weighing evidence and anticipating consequences—while staying anchored in ethical values so that efficiency never overrides justice.

• Critical thinking prevents one-size-fits-all failures: last-mile targeting of beneficiaries, plugging leakages through JAM/DBT, and course-correcting from feedback.
• The ethical framework ensures inclusion of the marginalised and dignity of beneficiaries, not mere numbers.
• Examples: applying behavioural insights to sanitation under Swachh Bharat; data-driven, empathetic reform of the Public Distribution System; the Aspirational Districts Programme's evidence-based convergence.

(b) Major teachings of Mahavir and their relevance

• Ahimsa (non-violence): relevant to non-violent conflict resolution and compassionate governance.
• Satya (truth) and Asteya (non-stealing): anchor probity and anti-corruption.
• Aparigraha (non-possession): a counsel against consumerism and for sustainable living.
• Anekantavada (many-sidedness of truth): fosters tolerance, pluralism and dialogue in a diverse democracy.

Conclusion

Reasoned, values-bound decision-making delivers welfare justly, while Mahavir's ethics of non-violence, truth, restraint and open-mindedness remain a living guide for governance and sustainable, harmonious life.