(a) Russia and Ukraine war has been going on for the last seven months. Different countries have taken independent stands and actions keeping in view their own national interests. We are all aware that war has its own impact on the different aspects of society, including human tragedy. What are those ethical issues that are crucial to be considered while launching the war and its continuation so far? Illustrate with justification the ethical issues involved in the given state of affair. (b) Write short notes on the following in 30 words each: (i) Constitutional morality (ii) Conflict of interest (iii) Probity in public life (iv) Challenges of digitalization (v) Devotion to duty

(a) Ethical issues in the Russia-Ukraine war

Judged by just-war principles, the conflict raises several ethical concerns: violation of sovereignty and international law (jus ad bellum); disproportionate harm to civilians, hospitals and infrastructure (jus in bello); a global food, fuel and fertiliser crisis that hurts the poorest nations most; and the dilemma of neutrality versus complicity for third countries balancing national interest against moral duty. India's stance — dialogue and diplomacy, and that "this is not an era of war" — illustrates ethical realism.

(b) Short notes

• Constitutional morality: fidelity to the values and spirit of the Constitution, not merely its text — invoked in Navtej Johar and the Sabarimala verdicts.
• Conflict of interest: a clash between official duty and personal gain, requiring disclosure and recusal.
• Probity in public life: uprightness and integrity that go beyond mere legality.
• Challenges of digitalization: the digital divide, privacy risks, misinformation and cyber-security threats.
• Devotion to duty: conscientious, selfless performance of one's role in the spirit of nishkama karma.

Together they show ethics operating from geopolitics down to individual conduct.