Analyze internal security threats and transborder crimes along Myanmar, Bangladesh and Pakistan borders including Line of Control (LoC). Also discuss the role played by various security forces in this regard.

India's eastern and western borders present distinct internal-security and transborder-crime challenges shaped by terrain, porosity and hostile actors.

Threats by frontier

• Myanmar: movement of north-eastern insurgent groups, drug trafficking from the Golden Triangle, and arms and gold smuggling, aided by the earlier Free Movement Regime.
• Bangladesh: illegal migration, cattle and fake-currency (FICN) smuggling, human trafficking and a porous riverine boundary.
• Pakistan and the LoC: cross-border terrorism, infiltration, narco-terrorism, drone-dropped arms and drugs, and counterfeit currency.

Role of security forces

• Assam Rifles guards the Myanmar border and aids counter-insurgency in the North-East.
• Border Security Force (BSF) mans the Bangladesh and Pakistan international boundaries.
• The Army holds the Line of Control against infiltration, backed by BSF in some sectors.

Measures

• Smart fencing under CIBMS, anti-drone systems, and review of the Free Movement Regime with Myanmar.
• Better border infrastructure, riverine patrolling and intelligence coordination through MAC.

A blend of surveillance technology, capable forces and neighbourhood diplomacy is essential to secure these frontiers.