The North-East region of India has been infested with insurgency for a very long time. Analyze the major reasons for the survival of armed insurgency in this region.

The North-East, connected to the rest of India by the narrow Siliguri corridor and sharing long international borders, has faced armed insurgencies since independence. Their long survival has structural roots.

Major reasons for the survival of insurgency

• Historical and political alienation: perceived neglect, delayed integration and grievances over autonomy and identity fed separatist movements.
• Ethnic diversity and identity assertion: numerous tribes with distinct identities produced competing demands for statehood, autonomy and even secession, and inter-tribe rivalries sustain armed groups.
• Difficult terrain and porous borders: dense forests and hilly terrain provide sanctuary, while borders with Myanmar, Bangladesh, China and Bhutan allow cross-border camps, arms and refuge.
• External support: safe havens and training across borders and links with foreign actors prolong militancy.
• Economic underdevelopment: poor connectivity, few industries and high unemployment push youth toward militancy; extortion funds insurgent groups.
• Illegal migration and demographic anxiety fuel ethnic tension and insurgent recruitment.

Conclusion

Ending insurgency needs a multi-pronged approach — political dialogue and accords, development and connectivity under the Act East policy, sealing borders, and addressing genuine ethnic aspirations, as seen in successful settlements like the Mizo Accord.