What is disaster resilience? How is it determined? Describe various elements of a resilience framework. Also mention the global targets of Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030).

Introduction: Disaster resilience is the ability of a system, community or society exposed to a hazard to resist, absorb, accommodate, adapt to and recover from its effects in a timely, efficient way, as defined by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. It marks the shift from reactive relief to proactive risk reduction.

How it is determined: Resilience reflects how well people and institutions organise themselves to learn from past disasters and cut future risk. It is gauged by exposure to hazards, the strength of physical assets and lifelines, social capital, financial buffers, governance quality, and the speed of recovery after a shock.

Elements of a resilience framework — the 4R attributes:

• Robustness: Withstanding shocks without major loss of function.
• Redundancy: Back-up systems that substitute when components fail.
• Resourcefulness: Mobilising people, money, information and technology to diagnose and solve problems.
• Rapidity: Restoring function quickly to contain losses.

These attributes play out across the technical, organisational, social and economic dimensions of a community.

Sendai Framework global targets (2015-2030): Substantially reduce disaster (a) mortality, (b) number of affected people, (c) direct economic loss and (d) damage to critical infrastructure and basic services; (e) increase countries with national and local risk-reduction strategies; (f) enhance international cooperation for developing countries; and (g) increase access to multi-hazard early-warning systems and risk information.

Conclusion: Building these attributes, tracked through the framework's targets and indicators, turns resilience from a slogan into measurable, accountable practice.