Consider the following conceptual statements regarding the Bhakti and Sufi movements in medieval India:
- Instead of preaching exclusively in classical languages like Sanskrit or Arabic, saints of both movements extensively used local vernacular languages to effectively connect with the common masses.
- Unlike the Bhakti movement, the prominent Sufi orders in India strictly prohibited the use of music, poetry and singing in their spiritual gatherings.
- Both traditions fundamentally emphasised that intense personal devotion and love for the Almighty are far more important than performing complex religious rituals or pilgrimages.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
Correct answer: B
Explanation
Saints of both movements preached in local vernaculars rather than only Sanskrit or Arabic to reach the common people, so statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong because the Chishti and several other Sufi orders embraced music and poetry through sama and qawwali rather than prohibiting them. Both traditions stressed personal devotion and love of God over ritual and pilgrimage, so statement 3 is correct.