Consider the following: The arrival of Babur into India led to the: 1. introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent 2. introduction of the arch and dome in the region’s architecture 3. establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Explanation
The question refers to the historical impact of Babur's arrival in India in 1526.
Statement 1 is incorrect: Gunpowder was not introduced by Babur. It was known in India as early as the mid-14th century. It was used in warfare by the Delhi Sultanate and later by the Bahmani and Vijayanagara kingdoms in the Deccan. Babur's contribution was the introduction of superior gunpowder technology, specifically mobile artillery and the 'Rumi' method of deployment, but not the substance itself.
Statement 2 is incorrect: The arch and dome were introduced to the Indian subcontinent by the Turks during the Delhi Sultanate period (13th century), long before Babur. Examples include the Alai Darwaza and the tombs of the Lodi era. Babur's arrival influenced later Mughal architecture, but the fundamental concepts of the arch and dome were already established.
Statement 3 is correct: Babur was a direct descendant of Timur (Tamerlane) on his father's side. His victory at the First Battle of Panipat (1526) against Ibrahim Lodi led to the establishment of the Mughal Empire, which the Mughals themselves referred to as the Timurid dynasty (Gurkani).