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Study Notes

Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.

3454 articles

Large Language Models explained: tokens, transformers and next-token prediction.
2 Nov 2025General Studies, GS III, Science & Tech

Large Language Models LLMs Explained

How large language models work, why they predict the next word using probability, where their biases come from, and what they cannot do.

Leh town in Ladakh with the Himalayas in the background
23 Oct 2025General Studies

Solution for Ladakh

The bifurcation of the erstwhile State of Jammu and Kashmir on 5 August 2019 through the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, created two…

Gene therapy and genetic medicine — illustrative image for Genetic Medicine and Gene Therapy
20 Oct 2025General Studies, GS III, Science & Tech

Genetic Medicine and Gene Therapy

How gene therapy corrects faulty genes using viral vectors and lipid nanoparticles, what it can and cannot do, and where India stands.