27 March 2026 Current Affairs for UPSC

What is GLP-1?

• Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a naturally occurring hormone in the human body. It is released from intestinal L-cells after eating/meals. It is also produced in the brainstem (hindbrain).
• It travels to the pancreas, where it helps to regulate blood sugar by increasing insulin and decreasing glucagon.
• Natural GLP-1 survives only 1-2 minutes in blood (It is quickly broken down by an enzyme). 
• In many people with Type 2 diabetes or obesity, the natural GLP-1 system does not work adequately. Thus, external drugs (GLP-1 drugs) enhance or mimic this natural pathway.

What are GLP-1 Drugs & How do they work? 

• GLP-1 Drugs mimic the action of GLP-1. They regulate appetite and digestion, helping users feel full faster and consume fewer calories. Examples: Semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy); Liraglutide, Dulaglutide. 
• Working: GLP-1 drugs-
  • stimulates (aids) insulin secretion: This allows more glucose in the bloodstream to enter cells, where it can be used for energy. 
  • Inhibit glucagon secretion: This reduces the release of glucose from the liver into the bloodstream. 
  • slows the movement of food through the gut and reduces appetite by signalling to the brain that one is satiated.
• Many GLP-1 drugs can be self-administered via subcutaneous injection. Some formulations require once-weekly dosing (E.g., semaglutide, dulaglutide), while others require daily administration (E.g., liraglutide). Semaglutide is also available as an oral tablet.

Insulin vs Glucagon

What are the benefits of GLP-1 Drugs?

• Weight loss: can help people lose on average 15% to 20% of their body weight.
• Treat type 2 diabetes. 
• Associated with a lower risk of Alzheimer’s and Dementia.
• Found to be effective for conditions including (studies ongoing)- cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Semaglutide has been included in the WHO’s list of essential drugs in 2025 for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. 

What are the concerns associated with GLP-1 Drugs?

• Common side effects include gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, bloated stomach, pancreatitis), mental health disturbances (anxiety, depression), visual disturbances (optic neuropathy), bone thinning with risk of fractures, and loss of skeletal muscle (sarcopenia). Possible side effects to sexual health.
• Risk of reversal: Discontinuation of drugs has been widely reported to result in rebound weight gain and loss of cardio-metabolic health benefits. 
• Regulatory concerns: The patent for semaglutide (the active molecule behind Wegovy and Ozempic) has officially expired in India. This can result in the rapid influx of cheap generics. In the absence of robust regulation, the risks include- 
  • misuse of GLP-1 drugs for cosmetic weight loss rather than medically indicated chronic conditions
  • off-label prescriptions by gym trainers, etc.

The use of these drugs should be guided by a robust regulatory mechanism & strengthened clinical framework. This includes stricter enforcement of prescription requirements, specialised training for physicians, and robust patient education programmes.  

To ensure ethical pharmaceutical practices in the supply chain of GLP-1 drugs, the Drugs Controller of India (DGCI) has intensified its regulatory surveillance against the drug’s unauthorised sale and promotion. 

UPSC Mains PYQs :

1. What do you understand by fixed-dose drug combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits. (UPSC 2013)
2. Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor’s prescription be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (UPSC 2014)
3. What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (UPSC 2022)

Why in News?

Recently, cases of paraquat poisoning have been reported in India, including intentional ingestion (suicide cases) and accidental exposure among agricultural workers. These incidents have raised concerns about:

• Easy availability of highly toxic herbicides
• Lack of regulation and awareness
• High fatality rate with no specific antidote

UPSC Relevance:

GS-III: Science & Technology and Environment

What is Paraquat?

Paraquat is a non-selective contact herbicide used to kill weeds.

• Chemical name: Paraquat dichloride
• It is widely used in agriculture for weed control, especially in plantations
• It acts very fast by destroying plant tissues

 It is considered one of the most toxic herbicides in the world

How Does Paraquat Poisoning Occur?

Poisoning can occur through:

1. Ingestion (most common and deadly) – often in suicide attempts
2. Inhalation – breathing in spray particles
3. Skin contact – especially through cuts or prolonged exposure

Mechanism of Toxicity

Paraquat causes damage through oxidative stress:

• Paraquat doesn’t just “poison” you in a general sense; it triggers a violent chemical reaction inside your cells called redox cycling.
• Once inside the body, paraquat reacts with oxygen to create free radicals (specifically superoxide anions). These molecules are highly unstable and “attack” the lipids (fats) that make up your cell membranes. This process is called lipid peroxidation.

Most affected organs:

• Lungs → fibrosis (scarring) → respiratory failure
• Kidneys → acute kidney injury
• Liver → damage

 Even small amounts can be fatal

Symptoms of Paraquat Poisoning

Symptoms depend on dose but generally include:

• Burning sensation in mouth and throat
• Vomiting and abdominal pain
• Difficulty in breathing (due to lung damage)
• Organ failure in severe cases

Why is Paraquat So Dangerous?

Paraquat is especially dangerous because:

• There is no specific antidote
• It causes irreversible lung damage
• Very high mortality rate (often 50–90%)
• Even small ingestion can lead to death within days to weeks

Global Regulatory Status

Many countries have banned or restricted paraquat:

• European Union → Completely banned
• Several countries → Strict regulation due to toxicity

Status in India

• Paraquat is not completely banned
• It is regulated under the Insecticides Act, 1968
• Available for agricultural use, often with insufficient safeguards

This creates a policy dilemma between:

• Agricultural productivity
• Public health safety

What are the Challenges leading to the recent cases?

1. Easy Availability

Paraquat is easily accessible in rural areas, making it a common substance for suicide.

2. Lack of Awareness

Farmers and workers are often unaware of:

• Protective gear
• Safe handling practices

3. Weak Regulation

• Labeling and warnings are inadequate
• Enforcement is weak

4. Public Health Burden

• High fatality increases pressure on healthcare systems
• Limited treatment options

Government Response & Needed Measures

Existing Measures

• Regulation under insecticide laws
• Guidelines for safe handling

What is the way forward?

• Consider banning or phasing out paraquat
• Promote safer alternatives (bio-herbicides)
• Strengthen labeling and packaging norms
• Increase farmer awareness and training
• Restrict over-the-counter availability
• Improve poison control infrastructure

India needs a multi-pronged strategy:

• Balance agricultural needs with public health safety
• Shift towards sustainable agriculture practices
• Strengthen regulatory enforcement and monitoring

Other critical “poisonings” and chemicals:

1. Organophosphates

If paraquat is the most lethal herbicide, Organophosphates are the most common insecticides you’ll encounter in Indian agriculture.

Organophosphates are:

• A group of insecticides
• Chemically derived from phosphoric acid
• Widely used in agriculture

• Examples: Malathion, Parathion, Chlorpyrifos, Monocrotophos.
• Mechanism: They inhibit the enzyme Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to accumulation of acetylcholine and causing a cholinergic crisis, where the nervous system becomes overactive
• Often in the news due to accidental poisonings of school children (Mid-day meal tragedies) or farm laborers.

Note: Carbamates (close cousin of organophosphates)

• Also inhibit AChE but reversibly
• Less toxic but commonly used

2. Aluminium Phosphide (Celphos)

Widely used as a grain fumigant in India. Commonly used as a grain preservative in India to keep insects out of wheat and rice silos.

Mechanism: When it comes into contact with moisture (in the air or stomach), it releases Phosphine gas (PH₃). This gas is a potent mitochondrial poison that stops cells from producing energy (ATP)

• Very high fatality rate
• Common in rural poisoning cases
• Links to storage practices and food security

3. Endosulfan (The Legal/Environmental Landmark)

• The Issue: It was used extensively in cashew plantations in Kasaragod, Kerala, leading to horrific birth defects and neurological issues in the local population.
• Led to a landmark Supreme Court ban and is a key example of Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification.
• It is also listed under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

4. Heavy Metal Poisoning

Mercury pollution is regulated under the Minamata Convention on Mercury

5. “Forever Chemicals” (PFAS)

• What they are: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used in non-stick cookware and fire-fighting foams.
• Why they matter: They do not break down in the environment or the human body.

Practice Questions

Consider the following statements about Paraquat:

1. It is a selective herbicide used for specific crops.
2. It causes toxicity mainly through oxidative stress.
3. There is a widely available antidote for paraquat poisoning.

Which of the above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3

Answer: (b)

Which of the following are correctly matched?

1. Paraquat – Herbicide
2. Malathion – Organophosphate insecticide
3. Carbaryl – Carbamate pesticide
4. Aluminium phosphide – Fumigant

Select the correct answer:

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Answer: (d)

Mains Question

1. “The problem of pesticide toxicity in India reflects a deeper governance failure.” Critically examine.
2. “The continued use of highly toxic agrochemicals like paraquat reflects the tension between agricultural productivity and public health.” Discuss.
3. Indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides poses a serious threat to both human health and the environment.” Discuss with examples