History

Statement 1 is Incorrect: Jagirdars were Mughal officers (Mansabdars) who were assigned land (Jagirs) in lieu of cash salaries for their administrative and military services. Zamindars were local landed intermediaries who held hereditary rights to collect revenue; however, they were not limited to revenue collection and were often required to perform military duties and provide 'Khidmat' (service), such as supplying troops to the state.

Statement 2 is Incorrect: Jagir assignments were generally non-hereditary and Jagirdars were frequently transferred from one region to another to prevent them from becoming too powerful locally. Conversely, the rights of Zamindars were typically hereditary and based on their historical and social standing in the rural structure.

Pair 1 is correct: All India Anti Untouchability League: It was formed by Mahatma Gandhi then later renamed as Harijan Sewak Sangh.

Pair 2 is correct: All India Kisan Sabha: It was formed by Sahajanand Saraswati in the Lucknow Session of 1936.

Pair 3 is correct: Self-Respect Movement: EV Ramaswamy Naicker was an important leader of self respect movement in 1925. It was an anti-caste movement against Brahmanism.

Sohgaura is not a Harappan site and is situated in Uttar Pradesh. It is famous for its copper inscription written in Prakrit in the Brahmi script. It belongs to the Mahajanapad and Mauryan periods.

All the other three are Harappan sites. Chanhudaro in Sindh, Pakistan, Kot Diji in Sindh, Pakistan, Desalpur in Gujarat, India.

Statement 1 is correct: The Swadeshi had a great impact on the handloom industry. - There was a revival in handloom, silk weaving, and some other traditional artisan crafts. - Cotton mills were set up at this time.

Statement 2 is correct: The National Council of Education (or NCE) was an organisation founded by Indian nationalists in Bengal in 1906 to promote science and technology as part of a swadeshi industrialization movement.

Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru: He was an important leader of All India liberal federation and served as its President.

KC Neogy: He was a member of the constituent Assembly from West Bengal.

Puran Chand Joshi (14 April 1907 - 9 November 1980): He was one of the early leaders of the communist movement in India. He was the first general secretary of the Communist Party of India from 1935-47.

Statement 1 is Correct: The Charter Act of 1813 abolished the trade monopoly of the East India Company in India, opening Indian trade to all British merchants. However, the Company's monopoly over trade in tea and trade with China was continued for another 20 years.

Statement 2 is Correct: The Act explicitly asserted the sovereignty of the British Crown over the Indian territories held by the Company, marking a significant step in defining the constitutional position of British possessions in India.

Statement 3 is Incorrect: While the Act of 1813 required the Company to maintain separate accounts for commercial and territorial revenues, the direct control of Indian revenues by the British Parliament was only established through the Government of India Act 1858, following the end of the Company's rule.

* Tansen was the title given by Raja Vikramjit of Gwalior. Tansen was a court musician in the darbar of Raja Ramachandra of Bandhavgarh. Thus, option 'A' is not correct.

* Dhrupad Compositions: Tansen is credited with composing Dhrupad, a classical Indian vocal form, and some of these compositions might have been dedicated to Hindu deities.

* Songs for Patrons: As a court musician, it was common for Tansen to compose songs in praise of his patrons, including Emperor Akbar.

* Invention of Ragas: While the exact number of Ragas invented by Tansen is debatable, he is credited with innovating and popularising several Ragas in Hindustani classical music.

Statement 1 is correct: Mahatma Gandhi actively campaigned against the exploitative system of indentured labour, particularly during his time in South Africa. He recognized the hardships faced by indentured labourers and advocated for their rights.

Statement 2 is incorrect: During World War I, Gandhi supported the resolution for recruiting Indians for the British war effort. He believed this would demonstrate Indian loyalty to the Empire and potentially lead to greater political concessions after the war. This position was controversial within the Indian independence movement.

Statement 3 is correct: The Salt Satyagraha, led by Gandhi in 1930, involved the deliberate breaking of the British salt laws as a form of protest. In response to this non-violent civil disobedience movement, the British government declared the Indian National Congress illegal.

During the Gupta period, Vishti (forced labor) was considered a legitimate source of income for the State and a form of tax paid by the subjects in the form of labor. Historical evidence, such as the Junagadh inscription, indicates that Vishti was listed alongside other taxes like Bali and Bhaga, signifying its status as a state resource. It was prevalent in various regions, including Madhya Pradesh and Kathiawar, contradicting the claim of its absence there. As it was a forced extraction of service, the laborers were not entitled to wages, and the obligation was not restricted to any specific family member like the eldest son.

Statement 1 is correct: The 'Amil' was indeed the officer in charge of revenue collection in the revenue administration of the Delhi Sultanate.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Iqta system was not an ancient indigenous institution of India but was rather an administrative system borrowed from the Persianate world. It was introduced by the Delhi Sultanate, primarily under the rule of the Ghurid dynasty, to organize and administer their territories.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The office of 'Mir Bakshi' was not established during the reign of the Khalji Sultans. It was introduced later during the Mughal period, under the reign of Emperor Akbar, as a military office responsible for managing the imperial army and its finances.

Therefore, only statement 1 is correct.

Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, a French traveller and gem merchant, extensively documented his travels to India in the 17th century. He wrote about various aspects of Indian society, culture, and economy, including detailed descriptions of diamond mines and the diamond trade in India. Tavernier's writings provided valuable insights into the diamond industry of India during his time.

Francois Bernier (1625–1688): A French physician and traveler who visited India during the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb

Jean de Thévenot (1633–1667): A French traveler who visited India in the 17th century.

Abbe Barthelemy Carre (17th Century): A French traveler and envoy who visited India in the late 17th century.


Statement 1 is correct: Wood's Dispatch advocated for a Grant-in-aid system to support private schools alongside government schools. This aimed to expand educational opportunities even with limited government resources.

Statement 2 is correct: The Dispatch recommended establishing universities in major cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras. These universities would follow the model of the University of London.

Statement 3 is incorrect: While Wood's Dispatch acknowledged the importance of vernacular languages in primary education, it did not recommend English as the medium of instruction at all levels.

The Dispatch proposed a tiered system - Primary schools - Vernacular languages - Secondary schools - Both English and vernacular languages - Colleges - Primarily English

So, statements 1 and 2 are true, while statement 3 is not entirely accurate.

The chronological order of the events is as follows:

1. Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan (1858-59): This play, which depicted the oppression of indigo farmers by British planters, was published in 1858-59. 2. Satyendranath Tagore cleared the ICS (1863): He became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Service (ICS) examination in 1863. The examination was conducted by the Civil Service Commissioners in London. 3. Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj (1875): This Vedic reform movement was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in Bombay in 1875. 4. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath (1882): This famous Bengali novel, set against the backdrop of the Sannyasi Rebellion and containing the song 'Vande Mataram', was published in 1882.

Therefore, the writing of Neeldarpan is the earliest event among the choices provided.

In the middle of the 18th century (c. 1750s), Bengal was the most prosperous province of the Mughal Empire and the primary base for the English East India Company's trade. The staple commodities exported from Bengal were:

- Cotton and Silk: Bengal was world-renowned for its high-quality textiles, including fine muslins and silk fabrics, which were the most sought-after Indian exports in European and Asian markets. - Saltpetre: This was a strategic commodity used as a key ingredient in the manufacture of gunpowder. Bengal was the primary source of saltpetre for European powers during the frequent wars of the 18th century. - Opium: Bengal was a major producer of opium, which the East India Company exported primarily to China and Southeast Asia. While the Company's formal monopoly was established in 1773, it was already a staple export item by the mid-18th century.

Note on other options: During this period, India was a 'sink' for precious metals; therefore, copper, silver, and gold (Option C) were typically imported into India as bullion to pay for Indian goods, rather than being exported.

The main aim of the colonisation of India by the Britishers was the economic exploitation of India. The commercialisation of Agriculture was an outcome of colonial exploitation. Various cash crops such as Indigo, Tea, and Cotton were forced on Indian farmers to meet the needs for raw materials for the Industrial Revolution in England.

On the other hand, the Handicraft of India was ruined thus exports decreased. Ruralisation of India led to a decrease in factories in the 19th century.

Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific nationalist leader and writer who authored biographies of Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Shivaji, and Shrikrishna to inspire the Indian youth with ideals of patriotism and self-sacrifice. He stayed in the United States from 1914 to 1920, during which time he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York (1917) and wrote 'Young India'. Following his return to India, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 as a member of the Swaraj Party. It is a common historical distinction that while Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent member of the Assembly, Vithalbhai Patel was the first Indian to be elected as its President (Speaker) in 1925.

In 1920, the All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha. This marked a significant shift towards the goal of achieving Swaraj (self-rule).

Hindu Mahasabha: Founded by Madan Mohan Malaviya and others, it focused on issues related to Hindu identity and rights.

South Indian Liberal Federation: Also known as the Justice Party, it was founded to represent the interests of non-Brahmins in Tamil Nadu.

The Servants of India Society: Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, it focused on social reform, education, and service to the nation.

The Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) wasn't founded by a single person, but by a group of socialists, Forward Bloc followers, and independent unionists in 1948.

Here's a list of some key figures involved - Basawon Singh (Sinha) - Ashok Mehta - R.S. Ruikar - Maniben Kara - Shibnath Banerjee - R.A. Khedgikar - T.S. Ramanujam - V.S. Mathur - G.G. Mehta

It's important to note that R.S. Ruikar was elected as the first President and Ashok Mehta became the General Secretary of the HMS.

The Subsidiary Alliance was a strategic military-political system introduced by Lord Wellesley (1798–1805) to expand British influence in India.

Option A applies: A key feature was that the allied Indian state had to maintain a permanent British force within its territory and pay a subsidy for its maintenance, allowing the British to maintain a large standing army at the expense of the Indian ruler. Option C applies: The system was designed to counter the 'Napoleonic danger' by requiring Indian rulers to expel all non-British Europeans (especially the French) from their service and territory. Option D applies: By controlling the external relations and defense of the states, and placing a British Resident in the court, the Company effectively established British paramountcy (supreme authority) over the Indian states. Option B does not apply: Securing a 'fixed income' for the Company was the primary objective of land revenue systems, such as the Permanent Settlement introduced by Lord Cornwallis in 1793, rather than the Subsidiary Alliance which focused on military and diplomatic control.

Pair 1 is not correct. Sanskrit College at Benaras: This college was established by Jonathan Duncan in 1791, not William Jones.

Pair 2 is correct. Calcutta Madrasa: Warren Hastings established the Calcutta Madrasa in 1781 for the study of Islamic subjects like Arabic and Persian.

Pair 3 is not correct. Fort William College: This college was founded by Lord Wellesley in 1800, primarily to train British civil servants in Indian languages and customs.

Under the Government of India Act of 1935, the legislative powers were divided into three lists: the Federal List (for the center), the Provincial List (for the provinces), and the Concurrent List (for both).

Residuary Powers: The subjects that were not included in any of these three lists were known as residuary powers. According to the Act, these residuary powers were vested in the Governor-General of India. He had the authority to decide whether the Federal or the Provincial Legislature would exercise power over such subjects.

Note: In the modern Constitution of India, residuary powers are vested in the Union Parliament (Article 248), which is a departure from the 1935 Act.

- Santhals were the agricultural people settled in Rajmahal Hills of Jharkhand. - They are native to the Indian states of predominantly Jharkhand, West Bengal and Odisha.

Creation of Santhal Paraganas: A separate administrative unit called the Santhal Paraganas was established in 1855. This aimed to isolate the Santhal community from the rest of the population and potentially prevent further uprisings.

Restriction on Land Transfer: The Santhal Parganas Tenancy Act was passed in 1876. This act made it illegal for a Santhal to sell or transfer land to a non-Santhal. This aimed to protect the Santhal community's economic interests and prevent further exploitation by outsiders called 'Dikus'.

Statement 1 is Correct: The Charter Act of 1813 was the first official measure by the British Parliament to sanction an annual sum of one lakh rupees for the promotion of education and modern sciences in India. Statement 2 is Correct: The General Committee of Public Instruction was established in 1823 to implement the educational grant of 1813 and to guide the educational policy of the East India Company. Statement 3 is Correct: The controversy between Orientalists (who favored traditional Indian learning) and Anglicists (who favored Western education in English) led to the adoption of English as the medium of instruction via Lord Macaulay's Minute of 1835.

The Champaran Satyagraha (1917) was Mahatma Gandhi's first experiment with Satyagraha in India. It was launched to address the grievances of peasants in Bihar who were forced by European planters under the 'Tinkathia system' to cultivate indigo on 3/20th of their land. The most significant aspect of this movement was the joining of peasant unrest to the Indian National Movement. This marked a fundamental shift in the struggle for independence, transitioning it from an urban, middle-class intellectual movement to a mass-based movement that included the rural peasantry. While the movement was localized, its success provided Gandhi with a national platform and demonstrated the efficacy of non-violent resistance.

Statement 1 is Correct: The British Indian Association was established in October 1851 in Calcutta by the amalgamation of the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society. Raja Radhakanta Deb was its first President, and Debendranath Tagore was its Secretary.

Statement 2 is Incorrect: Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty founded the Madras Native Association in 1852, which was the first organization in the Madras Presidency to lobby for Indian rights. The Madras Mahajana Sabha was established much later, in May 1884, by M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu.

Statement 3 is Correct: The Indian Association (also known as the Indian National Association) was founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Bose. It was the most important of the pre-Congress nationalist organizations and aimed to create a strong body of public opinion on political questions.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Factories Act of 1881 did not address worker wages or the formation of trade unions. Its primary focus was on improving working conditions, especially for children. It limited working hours for children, prohibited child labour under a certain age, and mandated breaks during the workday.

Statement 2 is correct. N.M. Lokhande is indeed considered a pioneer of the labour movement in British India. He actively campaigned for better working conditions and worker rights.

Statement 1 is correct: The Rigvedic Aryans were a warrior-led society and used protective equipment like the 'varman' (coat of mail) and helmets in warfare. In contrast, the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was primarily a peaceful, urban commercial society; archaeological excavations have yielded no conclusive evidence of armor or specialized military gear.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Indus Valley people were part of a Bronze Age civilization and were well-acquainted with gold, silver, copper, and bronze. However, they were not aware of iron. Iron technology appeared in the Indian subcontinent much later, during the later Vedic period (c. 1000 BCE).

Statement 3 is correct: The horse played a central role in the culture and mobility of the Rigvedic Aryans, with numerous mentions in the Rigveda. While some animal remains have been debated at sites like Surkotada, there is no clear, widespread evidence that the Indus Valley people domesticated or were significantly aware of the horse.

Statement 1 is Incorrect: Lord Cornwallis was associated with the introduction of the Permanent Settlement (also known as the Zamindari System) in Bengal and Bihar in 1793. Statement 2 is Correct: Captain Alexander Read first introduced the Ryotwari system on a small scale in the Baramahal district (Madras Presidency) in 1792 after the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Statement 3 is Correct: Thomas Munro, who later became the Governor of Madras (1820–1827), is considered the primary architect of the system as he refined and extended it across most of the Madras Presidency.

A three-member committee headed by Harcourt Butler, appointed on December 16, 1927, aimed to examine the relations between the native states and the paramount power, and to improve the relationship between the Government of India and the Indian States. It clearly stated that paramountcy must remain paramount.

The committee fully endorsed that the viceroy should remain the Crown agent in dealing with the native states.

The principle of Dyarchy was introduced by the Government of India Act of 1919 in the provinces of British India.

This system divided the functions of government into two categories central and provincial.

The provincial subjects were further subdivided into transferred and reserved.

Thus, the principle of Dyarchy refers to the division of the subjects delegated to the provinces into two categories.