Population Geography Measures: Fertility, Density and Dependency
Why crude rates mislead, the fertility measures in order of precision from CBR to net reproduction rate, population momentum, the three densities, dependency and…
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Study Notes
Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.
3454 articles
Field Capacity, Wilting Point and Available Water Capacity
The three soil water thresholds, why available water capacity peaks in loams rather than clays, how organic matter and rooting depth change it, and…
The Environmental Kuznets Curve and Its Indian Departures
The inverted U of damage against income, the three effects said to produce it, the pollutants of poverty it fits, the pollutants of consumption…
Milankovitch Cycles: Eccentricity, Obliquity, Precession and the Ice Ages
The three orbital cycles that pace the ice ages, the 65 degrees north summer insolation mechanism that actually grows an ice sheet, the deep-sea…
Whittlesey’s Agricultural Regions: Five Criteria, Thirteen Types
Whittlesey's classification of world agricultural regions: the five criteria he applied, the thirteen types they produce, which of them occur in India, and why…
Cycle of Erosion: Davis, Penck and King Compared
Davis's geographical cycle, Penck's slope replacement and King's pediplanation set against one another, with the panplain and etchplain alternatives and the reasons cyclic models…
The Quantitative Revolution in Geography and Its Four Critiques
The quantitative revolution and what it left out: the behavioural, humanistic, radical and welfare critiques, structuration and time geography, and what finally survived of…
Determinism, Possibilism and Probabilism in Geography
The oldest argument in human geography: environmental determinism from Ratzel to Huntington, possibilism from Vidal de la Blache, and the middle positions of probabilism…
Growth Pole Theory: Perroux, Myrdal and Regional Imbalance
Growth pole theory from Perroux's propulsive industry through Hirschman's linkages to Myrdal's circular and cumulative causation, with the Indian steel town record assessed honestly.
Central Place Theory: Christaller, Lösch and the Urban Hierarchy
Central place theory explained from threshold and range upward: why market areas are hexagonal, what the k = 3, 4 and 7 arrangements optimise,…
History Optional Notes for UPSC: Free Paper 1 and Paper 2 PDFs
Download free History Optional notes for UPSC: one complete 325-page book plus 51 topic-wise Paper 1 and Paper 2 PDFs, with past-paper marks mapped…
UPSC Geography Optional Question Paper 2016: Paper I and Paper II, All Questions
Both UPSC Geography optional papers from 2016 in full, question by question, with marks, syllabus unit and the topic split for each paper, plus…