Pratapgad Fort: Shivaji’s Forest Fort, Afzal Khan and the Bhavani Temple
Pratapgad Fort explained: Shivaji's 1656 hill-forest fort, the Afzal Khan meeting of 1659, the Bhavani temple and its place in the 2025 UNESCO serial…
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Study Notes
Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.
3454 articles
Shivneri Fort: Shivaji’s Birthplace, Its Seven Gates and the Buddhist Caves
Shivneri Fort explained: Shivaji's birthplace above Junnar, the birth-date debate, the seven gates, the Buddhist caves and who actually held the fort.
Rajgad Fort: Shivaji’s First Capital, Its Three Machis and the Balekilla
Rajgad Fort explained: Shivaji's first seat of government, the three machis and the Balekilla, Aurangzeb's 1704 siege, and why it isn't Raigad.
Amer Fort: The Kachwaha Capital, Its Mughal Alliance and the Move to Jaipur
Amer Fort explained: who built the palace and when, the Kachwaha-Mughal alliance, the Jodha Bai confusion, the courtyards, the move to Jaipur and UNESCO…
Kumbhalgarh Fort: Rana Kumbha’s Citadel, Its Long Wall and Pratap’s Birthplace
Kumbhalgarh Fort explained: who built it and when, what the 36 km wall claim rests on, the one recorded breach, Badal Mahal and its…
Russell’s Viper and India’s Big Four Venomous Snakes: Venom, Snakebite Burden and Antivenom
Russell's viper and the Big Four venomous snakes of India: how to tell them apart, what the venom does, why death estimates differ and…
Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae): Ladakh’s Cold Desert Berry, Ecology and Uses
Sea buckthorn is the nitrogen-fixing, soil-binding shrub of Ladakh's cold desert. Species, ecology, nutrition, the 2023 GI tag and why most of its berries…
Junagadh Accession 1947: The Nawab, Pakistan, the Plebiscite and Integration
How the Nawab of Junagadh's 1947 accession to Pakistan unravelled: the Arzi Hukumat, India's takeover, the 1948 plebiscite, merger into Saurashtra and the Kashmir…
Auroville: History, Charter, the Auroville Foundation Act 1988 and Governance
Auroville's 1968 founding, the Charter, UNESCO support, the 1980 takeover, the S. P. Mittal case, the Auroville Foundation Act 1988 and the 2025 Supreme…
Savitribai Phule: The 1848 Girls’ School, Satyashodhak Samaj, Poetry and Legacy
Savitribai Phule's 1848 school at Bhide Wada, her 1863 infanticide prevention home, Satyashodhak work, poetry, the Fatima Sheikh question and her legacy.
Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park: History, Jami Masjid and Kalika Mata
Champaner-Pavagadh explained: the Khichi Chauhan fortress, Mahmud Begada's capital, the Jami Masjid, the Kalika Mata pilgrimage and why UNESCO calls it the only unchanged…
Raigad Fort: Shivaji’s Capital, the 1674 Coronation and UNESCO Status
Raigad fort explained: how Rairi became Shivaji's capital, the 1674 coronation, the Naqqarkhana and Bazar Peth, and its place in the Maratha Military Landscapes…