Indian Philosophy

Statement 1 is incorrect. Aryadeva was a Buddhist philosopher, not a Jaina scholar. Aryadeva was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher. He is known for his association with the Nalanda monastery.

Statement 2 is correct. Dignaga was a Buddhist scholar known for his contributions to logic and philosophy. Dignaga's thought influenced later Buddhist philosophers like Dharmakirti and also Hindu thinkers of the Nyaya school.

Statement 3 is correct. Nathamuni was a Vaishnava scholar who is credited with reviving the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Nathamuni collected and compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham

Mimamsa and Vedanta: These are both orthodox schools of Hindu philosophy within the six systems. Nyaya and Vaisheshika: These are also part of the six orthodox systems, known for their focus on logic and epistemology. Sankhya and Yoga: These are considered two of the six orthodox systems, with Sankhya focusing on dualism and Yoga on achieving liberation through practices like meditation.

Lokayata: This was a materialistic philosophy that is not considered part of the six orthodox systems of Hindu philosophy. It emphasized materialism and scepticism towards spiritual concepts. Kapalika: While the exact nature and origin of Kapalika are debated, it's generally not considered among the six orthodox systems. It's associated with tantric practices and rituals that deviate from the mainstream Hindu philosophy.

Therefore, Lokayata and Kapalika are not part of the six established systems of Indian philosophy.

Nirvana (Sanskrit for "becoming extinguished" or "blowing out") is a central concept in Indian religious thought, particularly within Buddhism.

It represents the ultimate goal sought by practitioners of certain meditation disciplines, signifying the extinction of desire, hatred, and ignorance.

In Buddhism, Nirvana holds the distinction of being the oldest and most prevalent designation for the ultimate objective on the Buddhist path. This state of liberation is believed to lead to the cessation of suffering and rebirth.

Statement 1 is incorrect: The Sankhya school accepts: - Existence of the soul (Purusha) - Rebirth and transmigration caused by ignorance (avidya) and attachment (prakriti–purusha entanglement)

Thus, Sankhya does accept rebirth.

Statement 2 is correct: Sankhya is a dualistic atheistic system. Liberation (kaivalya) comes from true knowledge of the distinction between Purusha (consciousness) and Prakriti (matter). No god or external agent is needed for liberation.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Sautrantika and Sammitiya were not sects of Jainism but rather were Buddhist philosophical schools. Sautrantika was a Buddhist philosophical school that relied primarily on the sutras (discourses) of the Buddha, as opposed to the Abhidharma (the Buddhist systematic philosophy). Sammitiya was a Buddhist school that held the view that the self (atman) exists, which was in contrast to the mainstream Buddhist view of anatta (non-self).

Statement 2 is correct. Sarvastivada was a major Buddhist philosophical school that held the view of "sarvam asti" or "everything exists". The Sarvastivadins believed that the constituents of phenomena (dharmas) did not merely exist in the present moment, but had a real and permanent existence in the past, present, and future. This was in contrast to the Theravada Buddhist view of momentariness, where all phenomena are considered to be constantly arising and passing away.