2022

The term "greenwashing" is best described as deceptively conveying a misleading impression that a company's products or practices are environmentally friendly.

Greenwashing is a marketing strategy where companies try to portray themselves as environmentally conscious, even if their actions don't necessarily reflect that commitment. It often involves using misleading language, imagery, or selective data to create a positive environmental image.


The goal is to gain a competitive advantage by appealing to consumers who are increasingly concerned about environmental issues.

Ramanuja believed in qualified non-dualism (Vishishtadvaita), where the individual soul (atman) and God (Brahman) coexist in a qualified oneness.

Qualified Non-dualism (Vishishtadvaita): This is the core concept in Ramanuja's philosophy. It contrasts with the strict non-dualism (Advaita) of Adi Shankara. While both acknowledge an ultimate reality, Ramanuja argues for a qualified oneness, where the individual soul (atman) and God (Brahman) exist in a dependent relationship.

God's supremacy: Ramanuja emphasized the concept of a personal God, often identified with Vishnu, who is both immanent (present within the world) and transcendent (beyond the world).

Path to salvation: Liberation (moksha) is achieved through devotion (bhakti) to God and his grace.

- A qubit is the fundamental unit of information in quantum computing, analogous to the bit in classical computing.

- However, unlike a bit that can only be either 0 or 1, a qubit can exist in a superposition of both states simultaneously.

- This property of qubits allows quantum computers to perform certain calculations much faster than traditional computers.

Statement 1 is correct. A key aspect of Web 3.0 is the concept of decentralization, where users have more control and ownership over their personal data, rather than having it stored and controlled by centralized platforms.

Statement 2 is correct. Blockchain technology is a core component of Web 3.0, and it can enable the creation of decentralized, user-owned social networks and platforms.

Statement 3 is correct. The decentralized nature of Web 3.0 means that it is not controlled by a single corporation or entity, but rather operated and maintained collectively by the users and participants in the network.

Therefore, all three statements regarding Web 3.0 are correct.


* Statement 1 is correct: Biofilms are a major concern in healthcare. They can form on implanted devices like catheters, heart valves, and artificial joints within human tissues. These biofilms can harbour bacteria that are difficult to eradicate with antibiotics, leading to chronic infections and potential implant failure.

* Statement 2 is correct: Biofilms can also form on food and food processing surfaces. This can contaminate food with bacteria and contribute to spoilage. Biofilms on these surfaces are also challenging to remove due to their protective matrix.

* Statement 3 is correct: Bacteria within biofilms can exhibit increased resistance to antibiotics. The biofilm matrix acts as a barrier, making it harder for antibiotics to reach and kill the bacteria. Additionally, bacteria within biofilms can communicate and share genetic material, potentially promoting the spread of antibiotic resistance genes.

All three statements are correct.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. Nannuka was the founder of the Chandela dynasty.

Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. Jayashakti belonged to the Chandel dynasty, not the Paramara dynasty.

Pair 3 is correctly matched. Nagabhata II was indeed a ruler of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty.

Pair 4 is incorrectly matched. Bhoja belonged to the Paramara dynasty, not the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

Statement 1 is correct: The Tea Board of India is a statutory body created under the Tea Act, 1953 and it was established to regulate the Indian tea industry and protect the interests of tea producers in India.

Statement 2 is incorrect: It is functioning as a statutory body of the Central Government under the Ministry of Commerce.

Statement 3 is incorrect: The Tea Board of India's Head Office is situated in Kolkata.

Statement 4 is correct: The Tea Board of India has overseas offices in Moscow, Dubai, Hamburg, London, and New York.

Statement 1 is correct. In many cases, Software as a Service (SaaS) providers allow some degree of customization of the user interface and data fields to meet the specific needs of their customers.

Statement 2 is correct. One of the key benefits of SaaS is its accessibility from anywhere with an internet connection, including mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. SaaS applications are often designed to be mobile-friendly, allowing users to access their data and perform tasks on the go.

Statement 3 is correct. Outlook, Hotmail, and Yahoo! Mail are examples of web-based email services that operate on the SaaS model. Users access these email services through web browsers without needing to install or maintain any software locally on their devices. The email data is stored and managed remotely on servers operated by the service providers.

Therefore, all statements are correct.

Monazite is a brown crystalline mineral consisting of cerium, lanthanum, other rare earth elements, and thorium. Monazite usually occurs in small, isolated crystals or grains that are resistant to weathering and become concentrated in soils.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Monazite is a major source of rare earths and thorium. It yields several rare-earth elements, such as neodymium and praseodymium. Both of these are in demand internationally for making high-performance rare-earth magnets (components of power wind turbines, electric vehicles and robotics)

Statement 3 is incorrect. Though monazite is found in most coastal areas of India. It is questionable to be found along the entire coast. The main mines are found along the coasts of southern India in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and in Orissa.

Statement 4 is correct. Export of monazite without a license from AERB is a violation of the Atomic Energy (Radiation Protection) Rules 2004. Indian Rare Earths Limited (IREL), a wholly owned Public Sector Undertaking of the Government of India (GOI) under DAE, is the only entity that has been permitted to produce and process monazite and handle it for domestic use as well as for export.

* Statement 1 is incorrect: The power to ratify a proclamation of Emergency is shared by both Houses. Under the Constitution, any such proclamation must be laid before and approved by both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha within a specified timeframe.

* Statement 2 is correct: This is an exclusive power of the Lok Sabha. Since the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible only to the House of the People (Lok Sabha) under Article 75, the Rajya Sabha cannot pass a No-Confidence Motion.

* Statement 3 is incorrect: The process of impeachment is a quasi-judicial procedure that can be initiated in either the Lok Sabha or the Rajya Sabha. Therefore, it is not an exclusive power of the Lok Sabha.

The Climate Action Tracker (CAT) is an independent scientific analysis that tracks government climate action and measures it against the globally agreed Paris Agreement aim of holding warming well below 2C, and pursuing efforts to limit warming to 1.5C.

A collaboration of two organisations, Climate Analytics and NewClimate Institute, the CAT has been providing this independent analysis to policymakers since 2009. CAT quantifies and evaluates climate change mitigation targets, policies, and actions. It also aggregates country action to the global level, determining likely temperature increases during the 21st century using the MAGICC climate model. CAT further develops sectoral analysis to illustrate the required pathways for meeting the global temperature goals.

Statement 1 is incorrect: Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) in India are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) under the SEBI (Credit Rating Agencies) Regulations, 1999, and not by the Reserve Bank of India. Major credit rating agencies registered with SEBI include CRISIL, CARE, ICRA, SMERA, Brickwork Ratings, and India Ratings and Research.

Statement 2 is correct: ICRA Limited (formerly Investment Information and Credit Rating Agency of India Limited) was established in 1991 and is a public limited company listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange.

Statement 3 is correct: Brickwork Ratings (BWR) is a SEBI-registered Indian credit rating agency. It is also recognized as an External Credit Assessment Institution (ECAI) by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for bank loan ratings. It was established in 2007 and is promoted by Canara Bank.

Biorock technology uses a low voltage electrical current to stimulate the growth of minerals on submerged structures. This creates a limestone-like material similar to that found in natural coral reefs.


Biorock structures can provide a stable substrate for coral polyps to attach and grow, accelerating the restoration of degraded coral reefs.

While Biorock can be used for other purposes, like creating artificial reefs for mariculture (fish farming) or promoting the growth of seacrete building materials, its application in coral reef restoration is a major area of interest.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Aryadeva was a Buddhist philosopher, not a Jaina scholar. Aryadeva was a Mahayana Buddhist monk, a disciple of Nagarjuna and a Madhyamaka philosopher. He is known for his association with the Nalanda monastery.

Statement 2 is correct. Dignaga was a Buddhist scholar known for his contributions to logic and philosophy. Dignaga's thought influenced later Buddhist philosophers like Dharmakirti and also Hindu thinkers of the Nyaya school.

Statement 3 is correct. Nathamuni was a Vaishnava scholar who is credited with reviving the Sri Vaishnava tradition. Nathamuni collected and compiled the Naalayira Divya Prabandham

Sangam literature, which dates back to the Sangam period in ancient South India (c. 3rd century BCE to 3rd century CE), does indeed contain references to the social classification of Varna. The poems provide insights into the societal structure of that time, including the division of society into different social groups or Varnas. Therefore, option b is correct.

Sangam poems often contain references to material culture, including descriptions of trade, agriculture, urban life, and everyday objects.

Sangam's poems frequently depict warrior ethics, with many poems glorifying valour, bravery, and military prowess.

Sangam literature includes references to various supernatural or magical forces, but these are typically presented as part of the cultural and religious beliefs of the time rather than being explicitly labelled as irrational.

Statement 1 is correct. PET fibres can be blended with cotton or wool to improve properties like wrinkle resistance and durability.

Statement 2 is incorrect. Not all PET containers are suitable for all alcoholic beverages. Some PET can leach chemicals at high temperatures or with certain types of alcohol. It's important to check for specific suitability indicators on the packaging.

Statement 3 is correct. PET bottles are one of the most commonly recycled plastics. They can be reprocessed into various products like clothing fibres, new bottles, or building materials.

Statement 4 is incorrect. Incineration of PET, like most plastics, generates greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon dioxide. While PET has a lower emission profile compared to some other plastics, it's still not a zero-emission disposal method.

Remember: Statements like store any kind of alcoholic beverages are vague & ambiguous, so they ought to be eliminated. Also, incineration of any substance cannot be environment friendly as it would definitely release GHGs. Hence the only Option left is Option A. Therefore, the correct statements are 1 and 3.

Pair 1 is not correctly matched. Ghataprabha Reservoir Located in Karnataka, not Telangana.

Pair 2 is correctly matched. Gandhi Sagar Reservoir Located in Madhya Pradesh (correctly matched).

Pair 3 is not correctly matched. Indira Sagar Reservoir Located in Madhya Pradesh, not Andhra Pradesh.

Pair 4 is not correctly matched. Maithon Reservoir Located in Jharkhand, not Chhattisgarh.


Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission aims to provide digital health IDs for all Indian citizens to help hospitals, insurance firms, and citizens access health records electronically when required.

Statement 1 is incorrect. Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) has not made it mandatory for adoption by private and public hospitals. Its adoption so far would be voluntary. Participation in ABDM is voluntary including for citizens. Participation of a healthcare facility or an institution is also voluntary and shall be taken by the respective management (government or private management).

Statement 2 is incorrect. The aim of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission is to facilitate the ease of access to medical records and it is not been mandated to have every citizen as its part though the facility is available to every citizen on a consent basis.

Statement 3 is correct. ABDM will have a national footprint and will enable seamless portability across the country through a Health ID Personal Health Identifier.

The Sayyids were claimed to descend from the Prophet through his daughter Fatima. They commanded special respect in Muslim society. Even Timur protected the life of Sayyids during his invasion of India, although his policy was one of general slaughter.

The Sayyids put on a pointed cap (kulah) and they were known as KulahDaran during the Delhi Sultanate.

Statement 1 is correct. The United Nations General Assembly may grant non-member states, international organizations, and other entities Permanent Observer Status.

Statement 2 is correct. The General Assembly decided that observer status would be confined to States and intergovernmental organizations whose activities cover matters of interest to the Assembly.

Statement 3 is correct. Permanent Observers may participate in the sessions and workings of the General Assembly and maintain missions at the UN Headquarters.

Pair 1 is correctly matched. Dhauli is located in Odisha.

Pair 2 is correctly matched. Erragudi or Yerragudi is located in Andhra Pradesh

Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. Jaugada is located in Odisha.

Pair 4 is incorrectly matched. Kalsi is located in Uttarakhand.


Pair 1 is correctly matched. Anatolia is the peninsula of land that today constitutes the Asian portion of Turkey. Because of its location at the point where the continents of Asia and Europe meet, Anatolia was, from the beginnings of civilization, a crossroads for numerous peoples migrating or conquering from either continent.


Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Amhara Region is located in the northwestern part of Ethiopia. It is the homeland of the Amhara people. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana. The Amhara region is often mentioned in the news due to historical conflicts among Oromo, Amhara, and Tigrayan groups of Ethiopia.


Pair 3 is not correctly matched. Cabo Delgado is the northernmost province of Mozambique (not Spain). It has been in the news because Mozambique's Al-Shabab extremist group has been carrying out attacks in the province since 2017. 

Pair 4 is not correctly matched. Catalonia occupies a triangular area in the northeastern corner of Spain (not Italy). It is bordered by France and Andorra to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the east, the autonomous community of Valencia to the south, and the autonomous community of Aragon to the west. Recently, mass protests broke out across Spain's Catalonia region after its former separatist leader Carles Puigdemont was arrested.


Therefore, only two pairs (Anatolia – Turkey and Amhara – Ethiopia) are correctly matched.

Statement 1 is correct: The Arthashastra recognizes several categories of slaves (dasas), including individuals who entered bondage as a consequence of punishment, debt, or distress. Judicial punishment could therefore result in servitude.

Statement 2 is correct: The Arthashastra provides that if a female slave bore a son to her master, she became entitled to freedom.

Statement 3 is correct: A son born to a female slave and fathered by her master could receive the legal status and recognition of the master's son.

It is a delivery system that uses a low Earth orbit to bypass early warning systems and deliver warheads on targets very quickly.

FOBS launches a warhead into a low Earth orbit trajectory instead of a full ballistic missile arc.

These systems are typically designed to detect missiles launched on high ballistic trajectories. A FOBS warhead in a low orbit might be harder to detect until it re-enters the atmosphere for its final approach to the target.

Due to the orbital path, the time between re-entry and target impact can be shorter compared to a traditional ballistic missile attack.

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The first Mongol invasion of India occurred in 1221 CE under Genghis Khan during the reign of Shamsuddin Iltutmish, not Jalal-ud-din Khalji. Jalal-ud-din Khalji ruled much later, from 1290 to 1296 CE.

Statement 2 is Correct: During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji (1296–1316 CE), the Mongols invaded several times. In 1303 CE, a Mongol army of about 120,000 horsemen led by Targhi marched up to Delhi and besieged the city, forcing Ala-ud-din to take shelter in the Siri Fort.

Statement 3 is Incorrect: Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq defeated the Mongols (led by Tarmashirin) early in his reign. Instead of losing territory, he took steps to secure the frontier and even planned a 'Khurasan expedition' to mobilize against Mongol territories, though it was later abandoned.

Statement 1 is incorrect. DNA Barcoding cannot assess the age DNA barcoding primarily focuses on identifying species based on their unique genetic sequences.

Statement 2 is correct. DNA barcoding is a valuable tool for distinguishing between species that appear similar morphologically. By analyzing short, standardized DNA sequences, scientists can efficiently and accurately identify different species, even if they look very alike.

Statement 3 is correct. DNA barcoding can be used to identify the origin and composition of food products. This can help detect cases where cheaper or undesirable ingredients (food adulteration) are substituted for the ones listed on the label. For example, it can be used to identify different types of meat in processed foods.

Therefore, statements 2 and 3 are correct.

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. China has not established any permanent military base in Chad.

Pair 2 is correctly matched. Guinean special forces staged a coup, captured President Alpha Conde, replaced governors with the military, and dissolved the constitution and National Assembly.

Pair 3 is correctly matched. Lebanon has been experiencing a severe and prolonged economic depression since 2019, driven by political instability, inadequate reforms, and systemic corruption. The economic crisis has affected approximately 74% of the population.

Pair 4 is correctly matched. Tunisian President Kais Saied dissolved the suspended parliament after lawmakers held an online meeting and voted to repeal presidential decrees. He called it a failed coup attempt.


Out of the listed communication technologies, all three can be considered short-range devices/technologies.

Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV): CCTV systems primarily use cables or wireless connections with a limited range, typically within a building or a designated area.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID uses radio waves to identify objects. The reading range of RFID tags depends on the specific technology but generally falls within the short-range category, from a few centimetres to a few meters.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN): WLANs, commonly known as Wi-Fi networks, typically operate within a range of tens of meters indoors and up to hundreds of meters outdoors depending on factors like signal strength and frequency band. While the range might be slightly larger than the others on this list, WLANs still fall under the short-range classification compared to technologies like cellular networks or satellite communication.

B cells and T cells are both key components of the human immune system, which defend the body against harmful invaders like viruses, bacteria, and parasites.

B cells produce antibodies that can specifically target and neutralize pathogens.

T cells help orchestrate the immune response by directly attacking infected cells or by stimulating other immune cells.


Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) has been constituted under Section 3 (3) of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 to regulate and control development and management of groundwater resources in the country.

Central Water Commission (CWC) - Established in 1945, the CWC is a technical organization under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. It focuses on water resource planning, development, and management in India, but its legal basis comes from other central government acts.

Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) - While it works in close collaboration with the CGWA, the CGWB is a subordinate organization under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, established in 1970. It functions as the technical arm of the CGWA, providing hydrogeological data and technical expertise.

National Water Development Agency (NWDA) - This autonomous agency, established in 1982 under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, operates under the Societies Registration Act, 1860. It focuses on resolving interstate water resource disputes, conducting feasibility studies for water resource development projects, and planning water transfer and linking projects.