FPTP vs Proportional Representation: Which Electoral System Suits India?
In 1984 Congress won 49 percent of votes and 79 percent of seats. In 2024, 37 percent of votes produced 44 percent of seats.…
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Study Notes
Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.
3454 articles
Fundamental Rights in the News: Key Judgments and Disputes, 2023 to 2026
Electoral bonds struck down, Fundamental Rights made enforceable against private parties, passive euthanasia extended, and 84 internet shutdowns in one year. Article 19 and…
Biotechnology in Healthcare: Gene Therapy, CAR T-Cell Therapy and Vectors
Conventional medicine manages symptoms. Gene therapy targets the molecular cause. The distinction between somatic and germline therapy is where the science, the ethics and…
Cybercrime and Cybersecurity in India: Attack Techniques, Critical Infrastructure and the Capacity Gap
The Kudankulam nuclear plant, AIIMS Delhi and India's UPI rails are all now attack surfaces. Cybersecurity stopped being an IT department problem the moment…
Normative Ethical Frameworks: Consequentialism, Deontology, Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics
Compulsory smallpox vaccination was utilitarian and right. Forced sterilisation during the Emergency was utilitarian and monstrous. The difference is what a framework does when…
Drone Warfare and Asymmetric Threats: Why a $500 Machine Can Destroy a $50 Million Aircraft
Air power used to require an air force. A modified commercial drone costing a few hundred dollars can now disable an aircraft, a radar…
Weber’s Bureaucratic Morality: Ethics of Conviction vs Ethics of Responsibility
Weber argued that a politician whose hands must remain clean is not a politician but a saint. Hannah Arendt argued that officials following orders…
DNA, RNA and the Central Dogma: The Foundations of Genetic Material
Only 1 to 2 percent of the human genome codes for protein, through roughly 20,000 genes. The other 98 percent is not junk. Understanding…
Energy Storage in India: BESS, Lithium-Ion, Sodium-Ion and Solid-State Batteries
Solar peaks at noon and demand peaks in the evening. That mismatch is the entire case for storage, and it is why India approved…
Constitutional Architecture of the Indian Federation: Articles 245 to 263 and the Unitary Tilt
Residuary powers sit with Parliament in India, with the states in the United States. That one design choice, plus Articles 249, 250, 252 and…
Article 3: Redrawing State Boundaries, Regionalism and the Holding-Together Federation
India is a holding-together federation: regions did not choose to join, they were unified under one Constitution. Article 3 exists because regional aspirations, left…
Large States vs Small States: Does Size Determine Governance Quality?
India had 14 states in 1947 and has 28 today. Every bifurcation was justified by the claim that smaller units govern better. Jharkhand had…