Fraternity in the Indian Constitution: Ambedkar’s Most Important Value
Ambedkar called fraternity the most important of the three Preambular values and warned that without it, liberty and equality would remain a coat of…
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Study Notes
Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.
3454 articles
How Parliament Actually Works: Sittings, Bills Passed and the Collapse of Scrutiny
The 17th Lok Sabha referred 16 percent of bills to committees, against 71 percent in the 14th. It passed 35 percent of bills with…
The Governor: Constitutional Role, Discretion and the Case for Reform
Article 74 was amended in 1978 to make Cabinet advice binding on the President. Article 163's discretion exception for Governors was never defined. Fifty…
Reservation in India: The Six Debates the Courts Have Not Settled
The Rohini Commission found that 10 of 2,633 central OBC castes had cornered nearly a quarter of OBC jobs and admissions, while 983 communities…
India, Mauritius and the Western Indian Ocean Islands: Agalega, CECPA and MAHASAGAR
Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar and Comoros sit where Neighbourhood First, Africa outreach and Global South diplomacy meet. India's approach there is grant-led rather than debt-led,…
Ecological Implications of Arctic Melting: Global Feedbacks and the Indian Monsoon
Melting sea ice does not raise sea level. Greenland's ice sheet does. That distinction is where most Arctic analysis goes wrong, and it matters…
India-New Zealand Relations: The 2026 FTA, Dairy Protection and the Pacific Bridge
The 2026 free trade agreement gives Indian goods 100 percent duty-free access to New Zealand while India fully excluded dairy, sugar, edible oils and…
India-Indonesia Relations: Sabang Port, Nickel and the Malacca Neighbourhood
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Aceh Province face each other across the Malacca Strait. India and Indonesia are maritime neighbours, and almost everything…
India-Vietnam Relations: BrahMos, the South China Sea and the Act East Anchor
India gifted Vietnam a missile corvette, supplied guard boats under a 100 million dollar line of credit, and agreed to supply BrahMos. Defence is…
India-UK Relations: CETA, Vision 2035 and the Migration Question
CETA came into force in July 2026, giving 99 percent of Indian goods tariff-free or reduced-tariff access to the UK against 90 percent for…
Charges Against the Indian Constitution, and the Answers to Them
A slavish imitation of the West. A carbon copy of the 1935 Act. Ambedkar answered both in the Constituent Assembly, and modern scholarship has…
Social Media and Democracy in India: Voice, Misinformation and the Governance Problem
535 million WhatsApp users, 467 million on YouTube, 970 million eligible voters. India is simultaneously the world's largest democracy and its largest social media…