Kwar Hydroelectric Project and Chenab Basin Hydropower (UPSC Geography and Infrastructure)
The 540 MW Kwar Hydroelectric Project sits on the Chenab in Kishtwar, one bead in a cascade that India is racing to build —…
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Study Notes
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3454 articles
Tampara Lake: Odisha’s Ramsar Wetland Explained (UPSC Environment)
Tampara Lake in Odisha's Ganjam district is a 300-hectare freshwater wetland, a Ramsar Site of International Importance and one of the lakes that carried…
Angel Tax in India: What It Was, Why It Was Abolished, and What It Means for Startups (UPSC Economy)
Angel tax — the levy under Section 56(2)(viib) of the Income-tax Act on the share premium a closely-held company raised above fair market value…
Kakori Train Action (1925): Revolutionary Nationalism and the HRA (UPSC Modern History)
On 9 August 1925, a handful of young men from the Hindustan Republican Association stopped a treasury train near Kakori and looted it to…
Article 368: The Constitutional Amendment Procedure Explained (UPSC Polity)
Article 368 lays down how the Constitution can be changed — three different routes, a special majority, ratification by half the states for federal…
Puppetry and Traditional Theatre Forms of India (UPSC Art and Culture)
India's living stage runs from Kathputli strings in Rajasthan to leather shadows in Andhra and the UNESCO-listed Kutiyattam of Kerala. Here is the full…
How Policies of Major Powers Affect India’s Interests (UPSC International Relations)
The decisions made in Washington, Beijing, Brussels and Moscow land on India through seven channels — trade and tariffs, monetary spillovers, technology controls, energy…
Industrial Location Factors in India and the World (UPSC Geography)
Why does a steel plant cling to a coalfield while a software firm can sit almost anywhere? This is the full UPSC explainer on…
Global Innovation Index 2025: India’s Rank, Indicators and Innovation Policy (UPSC Economy)
India climbed to 38th in the Global Innovation Index 2025, scoring 38.2 out of 139 economies and topping the lower-middle-income group for a fourth…
Land Pooling in India: The Rajasthan Model, Urbanisation and Alternatives to Acquisition (UPSC GS)
Land pooling lets owners pool their plots, the agency builds the roads and trunk infrastructure, and each owner gets back a smaller but fully…
Compassionate Appointment and Married Daughters: Equality, Family Status and Article 14 (UPSC Polity)
In Kulsum Nisha v. State of U.P. (June 2026), the Supreme Court held that marital status cannot be a ground to deny a dependent…
India’s Record Seafood Exports: MPEDA, the Blue Economy and Trade Risks (UPSC Economy)
India shipped a record $8.46 billion (Rs 73,890 crore) of seafood in 2025-26, with frozen shrimp earning two-thirds of it. Here's the full picture…