Human Circulatory System and Blood Pressure (UPSC Science & Tech)
The human heart beats around 100,000 times a day, pushing five litres of blood through a closed double loop at a pressure of roughly…
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Study Notes
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3454 articles
Food Preservation Techniques: How Drying, Canning and Vacuum Packing Work (UPSC Science & Tech)
Every preservation method does one of two things: starve the microbes or stop the enzymes. Here is the science behind drying, salting, canning, pasteurisation,…
Distress Signals in Aviation and Maritime: Mayday, PAN-PAN, SOS and How They Work (UPSC Science & Tech)
Mayday is the international voice call for grave and imminent danger, PAN-PAN signals urgency, and SOS is the Morse pattern ...---... Here is the…
Mineral Resources of Gujarat: Lignite, Bauxite, Agate, Petroleum and Salt (UPSC Geography)
Gujarat is India's only source of agate, chalk and perlite, its top producer of fluorite, silica sand and salt, the second-largest oil producer, and…
Digital Payments and UPI in India (UPSC Economy)
In May 2026 UPI processed 23.2 billion transactions worth nearly Rs 30 lakh crore in a single month. Here is the full picture —…
PMGDISHA and Digital Literacy in Rural India (UPSC Governance)
PMGDISHA set out to make 6 crore rural households digitally literate — one person aged 14-60 per household, trained through Common Service Centres. Here…
Insolation and the Distribution of Temperature (UPSC Geography)
Insolation is the engine of every climate on Earth. This explainer walks through the atmospheric heat budget, the seven factors that control where it…
Inscriptions in Ancient India (UPSC Ancient History)
Inscriptions are the hardest, most precisely dated evidence we have for ancient India — from Ashoka's Prakrit edicts in Brahmi to Rudradaman's first long…
Earth’s Rotation and Revolution: Day, Night, Seasons and Time (UPSC Geography)
Earth has two motions, and almost everything we feel about time and weather comes from them. Rotation gives us day and night; revolution combined…
Corrosion: Causes, Electrochemistry and Prevention (UPSC Science & Tech)
Corrosion eats away an estimated 3-4% of a country's GDP every year, yet it is just a battery you never asked for — metal…
Election Expenditure in India: Candidate Limits and Who Pays (UPSC Polity)
A candidate may spend up to Rs 95 lakh on a Lok Sabha seat and Rs 40 lakh on an Assembly seat in big…
Fuels and Combustion: Calorific Value, Types and Clean Fuels (UPSC Science & Tech)
A good fuel is judged by its calorific value, ignition temperature, cost, and how cleanly it burns. Here is the full chemistry of fuels…