National Forest Policy of India: 1952, 1988 and the 2018 Draft (UPSC Environment)
India has had three forest policies — 1894, 1952 and 1988 — and a 2018 draft that never became policy. Here is the full…
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Study Notes
Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.
3454 articles
The Indian Economy on the Eve of Independence (UPSC Economy)
When the British left in 1947 India inherited an economy that had barely grown for half a century — agrarian, semi-feudal, deindustrialised and drained.…
Right to Freedom of Religion: Articles 25-28 (UPSC Polity)
Articles 25 to 28 are the constitutional heart of Indian secularism — the right to profess, practise and propagate faith, to manage religious affairs,…
Air Masses and Fronts: Types, Classification and Weather (UPSC Geography)
An air mass is a huge body of air with near-uniform temperature and moisture; a front is the battle-line where two of them meet.…
Rogan Art of Gujarat: The Persian-Origin Cloth Painting of Kutch (UPSC Art and Culture)
Rogan art is a castor-oil cloth painting that once spanned Gujarat and now survives in a single Kutch village, Nirona, kept alive by the…
The Mahagujarat Movement: How Gujarat Became a State (UPSC Modern History)
Between 1956 and 1960, the Mahagujarat Movement turned a demand into a state. Here is the full story — the bilingual Bombay experiment, the…
Joint Sitting of Parliament: Article 108 and Its Precedents (UPSC Polity)
A joint sitting of Parliament under Article 108 is the constitutional tie-breaker for a deadlock between the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha over…
Procedure Established by Law vs Due Process of Law (UPSC Polity)
Article 21 says 'procedure established by law', not 'due process'. Here is why the framers chose those words, how A.K. Gopalan read them narrowly,…
Right to Die with Dignity: Passive Euthanasia and Living Wills in India (UPSC Polity)
In March 2026, India saw its first court-sanctioned passive euthanasia. The right to die with dignity now sits inside Article 21 — built through…
Article 311: Constitutional Safeguards for Civil Servants (UPSC Polity)
Article 311 is the constitutional shield that limits the President's and Governor's 'pleasure' over civil servants. Here is the full picture — the doctrine…
Gujarat PCS 2026 Prelims (Set A): Answer Key & Detailed Solutions (All 200 Questions)
Gujarat PCS (GPSC) 2026 Prelims Set A answer key with detailed, question-by-question solutions for all 200 questions, subject-wise analysis, and a free timed practice…
Reform and Resistance Movements in Modern India: Wahabi, Kuka, Aligarh and Beyond (UPSC Modern History)
Modern India's reform and resistance movements look like a jumble of names and dates — until you sort them. Here they are by type…