International Relations

Statement 1 is Incorrect: Armenia is not a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Statement 2 is Correct: Azerbaijan is a founding member of the Organization of Turkic States. Statement 3 is Incorrect: Croatia is not a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Statement 4 is Incorrect: Romania is not a member of the Organization of Turkic States. Statement 5 is Correct: Uzbekistan is a full member of the Organization of Turkic States, having officially joined in 2019.

The Organization of Turkic States (formerly known as the Turkic Council) is an intergovernmental organization established to promote comprehensive cooperation among Turkic-speaking states. Its current full members are Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkey, and Uzbekistan. Hungary, Turkmenistan, and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus hold observer status.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The United Nations Credentials Committee is a committee of the United Nations General Assembly.

Statement 2 is incorrect. A Credentials Committee is appointed at the beginning of each regular session of the General Assembly. It consists of nine members, who are appointed by the General Assembly on the proposal of the President.

Statement 3 is correct. The Committee reports to the Assembly on the credentials of representatives. The Committee is mandated to examine the credentials of representatives of Member States and to report to the General Assembly thereon (Rule 28 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly).

The credentials of representatives and the names of members of the delegation of each Member State are submitted to the Secretary-General and are issued either by the Head of the State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs (Rule 27 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly).

Statement 1 is Incorrect: Bidibidi is a large refugee settlement in northwestern Uganda, not Kenya.

Statement 2 is Correct: People fleeing the civil war in South Sudan have been hosted in the Bidibidi settlement.

Statement 3 is Correct: The Dadaab refugee complex is located in Kenya and houses refugees, including those who fled the civil war in Somalia.

Therefore, the correct statements are 2 and 3 only.

Statement 1 is incorrect: International Mother Language Day is observed on 21 February every year. It is declared by UNESCO and not UNICEF.

Statement 2 is correct: The demand that Bangla has to be one of the national languages was raised in the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan.

The members of the G20 are Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States, and the European Union.

Hence option A is the correct answer.

Pair 1 is Correct: The Alma-Ata Declaration was adopted at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in September 1978 (6-12 September) in Kazakhstan, identifying primary health care as the key to attaining the goal of health for all.

Pair 2 is Incorrect: The Hague Convention (1980) focuses on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction. Biological and chemical weapons are primarily regulated by the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).

Pair 3 is Correct: The Talanoa Dialogue is a process mandated by the UNFCCC to help countries implement and enhance their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to address global climate change.

Pair 4 is Incorrect: The Under2 Coalition is a global community of state and regional governments committed to climate action in line with the Paris Agreement, aiming to keep global temperature rise well below 2°C.

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air is one of the three protocols that supplement the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), not the UNCAC.

Statement 2 is Correct: The UNCAC is the first and only legally binding universal anti-corruption instrument. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2003 and entered into force in 2005.

Statement 3 is Incorrect: Asset recovery is a fundamental principle and a specific highlight (Chapter V) of the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), not the UNTOC.

Statement 4 is Correct: The UNODC is mandated by its member states to assist in the implementation of both the UNCAC and UNTOC. It also assists in the implementation of the three UN Drug Conventions of 1961, 1971, and 1988.

* The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was adopted by the European Union (EU) in April 2016 and came into effect on 25th May 2018.

* The GDPR is a landmark regulation aimed at strengthening data protection and privacy rights for individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA).

* It sets strict guidelines on how personal data is collected, stored, and processed, and applies to organizations handling the data of EU citizens, regardless of where they are based.

* Australia, Canada, and the United States of America have their own data protection laws, but they are separate from GDPR.

* India signed the 'Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field' with Russia.

* India and Russia have a long-standing strategic partnership in the field of civil nuclear cooperation.

* The agreement aims to enhance collaboration in areas such as nuclear fuel cycle management, nuclear power projects, and research in nuclear science and technology.

* Russia has been a key partner in India's nuclear energy sector, particularly through Rosatom, which has been involved in building Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KNPP) in Tamil Nadu.

* Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States have also engaged in nuclear cooperation with India but were not part of this specific agreement.

ASEAN has established Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with six specific 'Dialogue Partners': China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New Zealand.

Statement 1 is Correct: Australia is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Area (AANZFTA).

Statement 2 is Incorrect: Canada is a Dialogue Partner of ASEAN but does not have a formal Free Trade Agreement with the bloc.

Statement 3 is Correct: China is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA).

Statement 4 is Correct: India is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-India Free Trade Area (AIFTA).

Statement 5 is Correct: Japan is a free-trade partner of ASEAN through the ASEAN-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership (AJCEP).

Statement 6 is Incorrect: The USA has been a Dialogue Partner of ASEAN since 1977, but it does not have a Free Trade Agreement with the ASEAN bloc.

Statement 1 (access to latest nuclear technology) is correct. This is a consequence of NSG membership. NSG members can trade nuclear materials, equipment, and technology for peaceful purposes. This access can be crucial for a country's nuclear energy program or medical isotope production.

Statement 2 (automatic NPT membership) is incorrect. Becoming an NSG member doesn't automatically qualify a country for NPT membership. NPT is a separate treaty focusing on nuclear non-proliferation, and membership has different requirements.

The correct answer is 1 only.

The Two-State Solution is used in the context of the Israel-Palestine issue.

It envisages an independent State of Palestine alongside the State of Israel west of the Jordan River.


Aleppo is a city in Syria , serving as the capital of the Aleppo Governorate, the most populous Syrian governorate.

Kirkuk is a city in Iraq , serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located 238 kilometres north of Baghdad.

Mosul is a major city in northern Iraq situated on the west bank of the Tigris, opposite the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh on the east bank.

Mazar-e Sharif, the city is in Afghanistan , 35 miles south of the border with Uzbekistan. Hence, B is the correct option.

The 'Additional Protocol' is a legal document that grants the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) expanded rights of access to information and locations in a state to ensure that nuclear materials are used for peaceful purposes.

* Option A is correct: By ratifying the Additional Protocol, India committed to placing its civilian nuclear facilities under IAEA safeguards. This allows the IAEA to verify that nuclear material in these specific facilities is not diverted for military use. * Option B is incorrect: India maintains a separation between its civilian and military nuclear programs. The Additional Protocol applies only to civilian facilities; military installations remain outside the scope of IAEA inspections. * Options C and D are incorrect: While the ratification of the Additional Protocol was a significant step in India's integration into the global nuclear order (following the Indo-US nuclear deal), it does not automatically grant membership to the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) or provide an automatic privilege to buy uranium. Membership in the NSG requires a separate consensus-based admission process.

India signed the Additional Protocol in 2009, and it officially entered into force on July 25, 2014.

The correctly matched pairs are:

1. Catalonia — Spain: Catalonia is an autonomous community in northeastern Spain. It is frequently in the news due to its distinct cultural identity and the regional independence movement. 2. Mindanao — Philippines: Mindanao is the second-largest island in the Philippines. It has been in the news primarily due to the Bangsamoro peace process and internal security matters.

Incorrectly matched pairs:

* Crimea: This is a peninsula located on the northern coast of the Black Sea. While internationally recognized as part of Ukraine, it was annexed by Russia in 2014. It has no geographical connection to Hungary. * Oromia: This is the largest regional state in Ethiopia, not Nigeria. It is the homeland of the Oromo people, the largest ethnic group in Ethiopia.

APMCHUD is an intergovernmental mechanism for collaboration and cooperation in the field of housing and development among Asia Pacific countries.

Statement 1 is incorrect. The 1st APMCHUD was held in New Delhi, India from 13th-16th December 2006 on the theme of A Vision for Sustainable Urbanization in the Asia-Pacific by 2020.

Statement 2 is also incorrect. The Conference of APMCHUD is a biennial event . This event is hosted by one of the member countries whose offer is consented to by the members in the previous conference of the APMCHUD.

The Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) is a comprehensive free trade agreement being negotiated between India and the European Union (EU). Negotiations were initiated in June 2007 and cover a wide range of sectors including trade in goods, trade in services, and investment. The agreement aims to increase bilateral trade by removing 90% of tariffs and addressing non-tariff barriers, though negotiations have faced delays over issues like market access for automobiles, spirits, and the movement of professionals (Mode 4).

Statement 1 is incorrect. The Nuclear Security Summits were not held under the UN. They were a series of international conferences initiated by the United States in 2010, outside of any formal international organisation. The summits brought together world leaders to discuss ways to secure nuclear materials and prevent nuclear proliferation. However, the summits haven't been held since 2016.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM) is an independent group of arms control and non-proliferation experts. It's not an organ of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). While the IAEA might collaborate with the IPFM on some issues, it's a separate entity.

The development of Chabahar Port in Iran is strategically significant for India because it provides a dedicated sea-land transit route to Afghanistan and Central Asia that bypasses Pakistan. Historically, Pakistan has restricted India's land access to these regions. By using Chabahar, located on the Gulf of Oman in southeastern Iran, India can ship goods to the port and then transport them via road and rail networks (such as the Zaranj-Delaram highway) into Afghanistan and the broader Central Asian region. This connectivity was formalized through a trilateral transit agreement between India, Iran, and Afghanistan in 2016, ensuring India is no longer dependent on Pakistani territory for trade with these landlocked areas.

Statement 1 is correct. UN-Habitat's primary mandate, as established by the UN General Assembly, is to promote the development of socially and environmentally sustainable towns and cities. This includes ensuring adequate shelter for all residents.

Statement 2 is incorrect. UN-Habitat partners with a wider range of stakeholders beyond just governments and local urban authorities. They collaborate with academic institutions, NGOs, private sector entities, and civil society organisations to achieve their goals.

Statement 3 is correct. UN-Habitat's work aligns with the broader UN objectives of poverty reduction and access to essential services.

Statement 1 is Correct: The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) serves as a vital forum for discussing global economic issues and providing guidance to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). It brings together finance ministers, central bank governors, and other high-level officials from member countries to discuss challenges and opportunities facing the global economy. They also advise the IMF on its policy direction and work program.

Statement 2 is Correct: The World Bank, while a separate institution, collaborates closely with the IMF. While not a formal member of the IMFC, the World Bank typically participates as an observer in IMFC meetings. This allows for better coordination and exchange of information between the two institutions on matters of mutual interest, such as global economic stability and development.

Hence, option C is the correct answer.

Statement 1 is Incorrect: At the fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi (2012), the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa considered the possibility of setting up a new Development Bank to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries.

Statement 2 is Correct: The bank is headquartered in Shanghai, China.

Hence, option B is the correct answer.

The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a free trade agreement that involves the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and its FTA partners — Australia, China, Japan, New Zealand, and South Korea. It aims to create a comprehensive economic partnership covering trade in goods, services, investment, intellectual property, and e-commerce.

ASEAN was initially a 10-member bloc consisting of Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. In 2025, Timor-Leste (East Timor) formally became the 11th member of ASEAN — marking its first expansion since Cambodia's inclusion in 1999.

In the 22nd ASEAN-India Summit (2025), both sides endorsed the ASEAN-India Plan of Action (2026–2030), focusing on areas such as maritime cooperation, digital innovation, education, and sustainable development. The year 2026 was declared the ASEAN-India Year of Maritime Cooperation.

Hence, the RCEP continues to be associated with ASEAN and its FTA partners, and the correct answer remains (b) ASEAN.

Statement 1 is correct: The Third India-Africa Forum Summit (IAFS-III) was hosted in New Delhi in October 2015. The first and second summits were held in 2008 (New Delhi) and 2011 (Addis Ababa), respectively, making the 2015 event the third edition. Statement 2 is incorrect: The India-Africa Forum Summit was institutionalized in 2008 to serve as the official platform for African-Indian relations. While Jawaharlal Nehru was a pioneer of Afro-Asian solidarity (e.g., the Asian Relations Conference of 1947), the IAFS is a distinct 21st-century initiative and was not established in 1951.

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The OPCW is an independent intergovernmental organization, not affiliated with a specific region like the European Union. It cooperates with various organizations, including NATO and WHO, on matters related to chemical weapons, but it's not directly under their purview

Statement 2 is Correct: The OPCW plays a crucial role in monitoring the chemical industry to prevent the proliferation of chemical weapons. This includes inspections of declared chemical facilities and verification of disarmament efforts.

Statement 3 is Correct: The OPCW offers assistance and protection to member states (Parties) facing threats from chemical weapons. This can involve providing training, equipment, and expertise to help countries enhance their chemical security measures.

Hence, option B is the correct answer.

The Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf, originally (and still colloquially) known as the Gulf Cooperation Council, is a regional intergovernmental political and economic union consisting of all Arab states of the Persian Gulf except Iran.

Its member states are Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.


The Charter of the Gulf Cooperation Council was signed on 25 May 1981, formally establishing the institution.

Hence, option A is the correct answer.

China-Led Initiative BRI is a global development strategy spearheaded by the Chinese government.

It aims to create a network of trade routes connecting China with other countries in Asia, Europe, and Africa through investments in infrastructure development.


Hence, option D is the correct answer.

Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), also known as Doctors Without Borders, is an international, independent medical humanitarian non-governmental organization (NGO).

- Origin: It was founded in 1971 in France by a group of doctors and journalists in the wake of the war and famine in Biafra, Nigeria. - Objective: To provide medical assistance to people affected by conflict, epidemics, disasters, or exclusion from healthcare, irrespective of race, religion, or political affiliation. - Key Recognition: MSF is known for its independence and impartiality and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1999 for its pioneering humanitarian work on several continents.

1. Kurd - Bangladesh (Incorrect): Kurds are a Muslim ethnic group with a significant population in southeastern Turkey, northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, and northern Syria. They are not a major community in Bangladesh.

2. Madhesi - Nepal (Correct): Madhesis are an Indo-Aryan ethnic group inhabiting the Terai plains of southern Nepal. They are a politically and socially aware community that has sometimes advocated for greater rights and representation within Nepal.

3. Rohingya - Myanmar (Correct): Rohingya are a Muslim ethnic group facing persecution in Myanmar. They are often mentioned in the news due to human rights concerns and the ongoing Rohingya genocide.

Hence, option C is the correct answer.

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) did not include all Pacific Rim countries. While it was signed by 12 nations (Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and the United States), many other Pacific Rim countries such as South Korea, Indonesia, Colombia, Thailand, and the Philippines were not part of the agreement.

Statement 2 is Incorrect: The TPP was a comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) aimed at lowering trade barriers, promoting economic integration, and establishing common standards for intellectual property, labor, and environmental protection. It was not a strategic alliance for maritime security.

Following the withdrawal of the United States in 2017, the remaining 11 members negotiated a new trade agreement known as the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).