Defence Technology

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircraft systems operated without a human pilot onboard. Their capabilities depend on design type (like fixed-wing, multirotor, or hybrid) and power source.

I. Vertical landing – Only VTOL and multirotor drones can do vertical landings. Fixed-wing UAVs cannot. II. Automated hovering – Only multirotor drones and advanced hybrids can hover. Fixed-wing UAVs cannot hover at all. III. Battery-only power – Not all UAVs use batteries. Larger ones may use fuel, hybrid, or solar power.

None of the statements are correct.

CL-20, HMX, and LLM-105 are chemical substances known for their use as high-energy explosives in military weapons.

* CL-20: A powerful explosive with high energy density. * HMX: A well-known military explosive used in various munitions. * LLM-105: A newer explosive with similar high performance.

All three are explosives used in military weapons.

Pair I: Dornier-228 : Maritime patrol aircraft — Correct Dornier-228 is used by Indian Navy & Coast Guard for maritime patrol and surveillance.

Pair II: IL-76 : Supersonic combat aircraft — Incorrect IL-76 is a heavy military transport aircraft, not supersonic or combat.

Pair III: C-17 Globemaster III : Military transport aircraft — Correct C-17 is a strategic military transport aircraft used by the Indian Air Force.

Therefore, only pairs I and III are correct.

* Statement 1 is incorrect: This is typically done using X-ray scanners or advanced imaging technologies like millimeter wave scanners, not traditional radar.

* Statement 2 is correct: Radars, specifically weather radars, are commonly used to monitor precipitation. They can detect rain, snow, and other weather conditions by bouncing radio waves off precipitation particles.

* Statement 3 is correct: Radars can be used to track the migration of birds and other animals. They are often used in ornithological studies to monitor bird migration patterns.

Fifth-generation fighter aircraft are characterized by advanced stealth, superior agility, advanced avionics, and integrated computer systems. Let's consider the aircraft listed:

1. Rafale: This is a 4.5 generation multirole fighter aircraft developed by Dassault Aviation.

2. MiG-29: This is a fourth-generation multirole fighter aircraft developed by Mikoyan in the Soviet Union.

3. Tejas MK-1: This is a fourth-generation light multirole fighter aircraft developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in India.

_None of the above aircraft are considered fifth-generation fighter aircraft._

Statement 1 is Incorrect: Ballistic missiles are rocket-powered and follow a high, arcing trajectory, reaching supersonic speeds. In contrast, cruise missiles are jet-propelled, fly at lower altitudes, and can be subsonic, supersonic, or hypersonic. The statement incorrectly swaps their propulsion characteristics.

Statement 2 is Incorrect: Agni-V is a solid-fuelled Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of over 5,000 km. BrahMos is a supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by India and Russia. The statement incorrectly swaps the types of these two missiles.

It is a delivery system that uses a low Earth orbit to bypass early warning systems and deliver warheads on targets very quickly.

FOBS launches a warhead into a low Earth orbit trajectory instead of a full ballistic missile arc.

These systems are typically designed to detect missiles launched on high ballistic trajectories. A FOBS warhead in a low orbit might be harder to detect until it re-enters the atmosphere for its final approach to the target.

Due to the orbital path, the time between re-entry and target impact can be shorter compared to a traditional ballistic missile attack.

* THAAD is a missile defense system developed by the United States to intercept and destroy short, medium, and intermediate-range ballistic missiles during their terminal phase of flight.

* It is designed to defend against threats both within and outside the Earth's atmosphere, providing protection against potential missile attacks.

* THAAD has been deployed by the United States military and has also been sold to allied countries such as South Korea and Saudi Arabia.

INS Astradharini is India's first indigenously designed and built Torpedo Launch and Recovery Vessel (TLRV), commissioned into the Indian Navy in 2015. Developed with 95% indigenous content, it replaced the aging INS Astravahini. The vessel functions as a specialized platform for the technical trials of underwater weapons, such as torpedoes and mines, developed by the Naval Science and Technological Laboratory (NSTL). Its unique design includes a catamaran hull configuration, which provides significantly improved stability and speed during weapon recovery operations.

Statement 1 is correct: Agni-IV is indeed a surface-to-surface missile. It is designed to launch from land-based mobile platforms and strike targets on the ground.

Statement 2 is incorrect: Agni-IV is a two-stage, solid-fueled missile. It does not rely on liquid propellants.

Statement 3 is also incorrect: The reported range of Agni-IV is around 4,000 km, not 7,500 km. Additionally, its payload capacity is estimated to be around 1,000 kg (one tonne), but its specific warhead capabilities are not publicly disclosed.