National Movement Before Gandhi

* Statement 1 is correct The National Handloom Day is observed annually on 7th August to honour the handloom weavers in the country and also highlight India's handloom industry. The first National Handloom Day was held on 7th August 2015.

* Statement 2 is correct August 7 was chosen as the National Handloom Day to commemorate the Swadeshi Movement which was launched on August 7 in 1905 in Calcutta Town Hall to protest against the partition of Bengal by the British Government. The Swadeshi movement had aimed at reviving domestic products and production processes.

Hence Statement 2 is the correct explanation of Statement 1.

The book "Desher Katha" written by Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar was a significant contribution to the Indian freedom struggle.

Statement 1 is correct. The book indeed warned against the Colonial State's hypnotic conquest of the mind. Deuskar was a staunch nationalist and vehemently opposed the colonial rule in India. His book was a critique against the colonial rule.

Statement 2 is also correct. Deuskar's work inspired the performance of swadeshi street plays and folk songs. His writings were influential in promoting the Swadeshi movement.

Statement 3 is incorrect. The use of 'desh' by Deuskar was not in the specific context of the region of Bengal. Deuskar, though of Marathi origin, was brought up in a Bengali set-up and acted as a bridge between Maharashtra and Bengal's renaissance. His use of 'desh' was more in the context of the nation as a whole, rather than specifically Bengal.

Therefore, the correct answer is that statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Statement 1 is correct: The Swadeshi had a great impact on the handloom industry. - There was a revival in handloom, silk weaving, and some other traditional artisan crafts. - Cotton mills were set up at this time.

Statement 2 is correct: The National Council of Education (or NCE) was an organisation founded by Indian nationalists in Bengal in 1906 to promote science and technology as part of a swadeshi industrialization movement.

Both statements 1 and 2 are correct.

Lala Lajpat Rai was a prolific nationalist leader and writer who authored biographies of Giuseppe Mazzini, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Shivaji, and Shrikrishna to inspire the Indian youth with ideals of patriotism and self-sacrifice. He stayed in the United States from 1914 to 1920, during which time he founded the Indian Home Rule League of America in New York (1917) and wrote 'Young India'. Following his return to India, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly in 1923 as a member of the Swaraj Party. It is a common historical distinction that while Lala Lajpat Rai was a prominent member of the Assembly, Vithalbhai Patel was the first Indian to be elected as its President (Speaker) in 1925.

In 1920, the All India Home Rule League changed its name to Swarajya Sabha. This marked a significant shift towards the goal of achieving Swaraj (self-rule).

Hindu Mahasabha: Founded by Madan Mohan Malaviya and others, it focused on issues related to Hindu identity and rights.

South Indian Liberal Federation: Also known as the Justice Party, it was founded to represent the interests of non-Brahmins in Tamil Nadu.

The Servants of India Society: Founded by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, it focused on social reform, education, and service to the nation.

Statement 1 is Correct: The British Indian Association was established in October 1851 in Calcutta by the amalgamation of the Landholders' Society and the Bengal British India Society. Raja Radhakanta Deb was its first President, and Debendranath Tagore was its Secretary.

Statement 2 is Incorrect: Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty founded the Madras Native Association in 1852, which was the first organization in the Madras Presidency to lobby for Indian rights. The Madras Mahajana Sabha was established much later, in May 1884, by M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer, and P. Anandacharlu.

Statement 3 is Correct: The Indian Association (also known as the Indian National Association) was founded in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Anandamohan Bose. It was the most important of the pre-Congress nationalist organizations and aimed to create a strong body of public opinion on political questions.

The Surat Split of 1907 was primarily caused by the Extremists' lack of faith in the Moderates' methods of 'constitutional agitation' (petitions and prayers). The Extremists, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal, believed these methods were ineffective for achieving 'Swaraj' and doubted the Moderates' capacity to negotiate effectively with the British government following the 1905 Partition of Bengal.

This ideological divide deepened over the scope of the Swadeshi Movement. The Extremists wanted to extend the boycott nationwide and include all government institutions (schools, courts, and services), whereas the Moderates wanted to limit the movement to Bengal and avoid the use of passive resistance. The immediate trigger for the split was the disagreement over the presidency of the 1907 session: the Extremists proposed Lala Lajpat Rai or Tilak, while the Moderates insisted on Rash Behari Ghosh. The failure to reach a consensus on leadership and strategy led to the formal expulsion of the Extremists from the Congress.

The 'Swadeshi' (promotion of indigenous products and industries) and 'Boycott' (of British goods and institutions) were adopted as methods of struggle for the first time during the Anti-Partition Movement or the Swadeshi Movement of 1905-1911.

This movement was sparked by the decision of the British colonial government to partition the province of Bengal in 1905, which was seen as an attempt to weaken the nationalist movement in Bengal.

The movement that contributed to the split in the Indian National Congress, resulting in the emergence of 'moderates' and 'extremists', was the Swadeshi Movement.

The Swadeshi Movement saw two distinct groups emerge within the Indian National Congress: 1. Moderates: This group, led by leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Surendranath Banerjee, believed in constitutional and peaceful methods to achieve independence. They supported the boycott of British goods but opposed the use of violence or extreme measures.

2. Extremists (also known as Radicals or Nationalists): This group, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal (the Lal-Bal-Pal trio), advocated for more aggressive and revolutionary methods to drive out the British. They supported the use of boycotts, civil disobedience, and even violence if necessary.

The ideological differences between the moderates and extremists intensified during the Swadeshi Movement, eventually leading to the Surat Split in 1907, where the two factions clashed openly at the Congress session, resulting in a temporary split in the party.

The Partition of Bengal implemented by Lord Curzon in 1905 lasted until King George V abrogated Curzon's Act at the Royal Durbar in Delhi in 1911.

The widespread protests and nationalist movements against the partition led to its reversal in 1911.

The 1929 Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress, presided over by Jawaharlal Nehru, is a landmark in the Indian Freedom Struggle for the following reasons:

1. Purna Swaraj Resolution: The Congress passed the historic 'Purna Swaraj' (Complete Independence) resolution, officially shifting its goal from 'Dominion Status' to total independence from British rule. 2. Symbolic Act: On the midnight of December 31, 1929, Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour flag on the banks of the River Ravi amidst slogans of 'Inquilab Zindabad'. 3. Independence Day: The Congress fixed January 26, 1930, as the first Independence Day, to be celebrated by the people across the country.

Why other options are incorrect: - Option A: While 'Swaraj' was discussed earlier (e.g., 1906), the 1929 session specifically defined it as 'Purna Swaraj' or complete independence. - Option C: The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched much earlier, in 1920. - Option D: The Congress decided to boycott the First Round Table Conference during this session. The decision to participate in the Second Round Table Conference was only taken later, following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in 1931.

Statement 1 is correct: Annie Besant started the Home Rule Movement in 1916 in India, around the same time as Bal Gangadhar Tilak started his own Home Rule League. The movement sought self-government for India within the British Empire.

Statement 2 is incorrect: The Theosophical Society was founded in 1875 in New York by Madame H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel H.S. Olcott. Annie Besant later became its prominent leader after it moved to Adyar (Madras), but she was not the founder.

Statement 3 is correct: Annie Besant was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress in 1917 (Calcutta Session).

Statement 1 is Incorrect: The first woman President of the Indian National Congress was Annie Besant in 1917, not Sarojini Naidu. Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman to preside over the Congress in 1925 (Kanpur Session).

Statement 2 is Correct: Badruddin Tyabji was the first Muslim President of the Indian National Congress, presiding over its third session in 1887 (Madras).