Thiruvalluvar and Tirukkural: Life, Teachings and Cultural Legacy
UPSC guide to Thiruvalluvar, the Tamil poet-philosopher behind the Tirukkural: life, teachings, structure, ethics and enduring cultural legacy.
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Study Notes
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3454 articles
Somalia: Geography, Horn of Africa Geopolitics and India Relations
Somalia sits at the strategic Horn of Africa, commanding the Bab el-Mandeb chokepoint; a UPSC guide to its geography, politics, piracy, and ties with…
Reverse Repo Rate: Meaning, Difference from Repo Rate and RBI Policy Impact
Reverse repo rate is the interest the RBI pays banks for parking surplus funds, a key tool for liquidity management and monetary policy transmission…
Dr. Rajendra Prasad: India’s First President, Role and Contributions
Dr. Rajendra Prasad, India's first President, his life, role in the freedom struggle, Constituent Assembly leadership and presidential tenure explained for UPSC
Per Capita Income of India: Meaning, Formula, State-wise Ranking 2026
Per capita income of India explained: meaning, formula, nominal and PPP figures, state-wise ranking, and implications for GDP, poverty and UPSC preparation.
Panama Canal: Route, History, Geopolitical and Economic Importance
Panama Canal UPSC guide: 82 km route, locks, history from 1914 to 2026, US handover, drought impact and geopolitical importance for world trade and…
Oommen Chandy: Political Career, Kerala CM Tenure and Legacy
Oommen Chandy served twice as Kerala Chief Minister, led the Congress in the state and became known for mass-contact governance and welfare reforms.
NSG Commandos: Role, Training, Black Cat Unit and Operations
NSG commando guide for UPSC: origin, Black Cat role, training, Special Action Group, famous operations like 26/26 and recruitment.
NCDRC: National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission, Role and Powers
NCDRC explained: National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission's role, powers, pecuniary jurisdiction, landmark rulings and its place in India's consumer law
Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Political Career, Two-Nation Theory and Partition Role
Muhammad Ali Jinnah biography for UPSC: Congress years, Lucknow Pact, Two-Nation Theory, Muslim League, 1940 Lahore Resolution and Partition.
Stone Age in India: Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Chalcolithic Periods
Complete UPSC guide to the Mesolithic age and the Stone Age in India, covering Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Chalcolithic periods, tools, sites and culture.
International Labour Day 2026 (May 1): History, Theme, India’s Labour Codes and Shram Shakti Niti
International Labour Day 2026 (May 1): Haymarket origin, Singaravelar's 1923 Madras rally, ILO framework, India's 4 Labour Codes status, e-Shram, gig-worker laws and PLFS…