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Study Notes

Everything published under Study Notes on Anantam IAS, newest first.

3454 articles

The turquoise Alaknanda river rushing through a forested Himalayan gorge
15 Jul 2026General Studies, Geography, GS I, Indian Geography, Physical Geography

Alaknanda River: Source, Course and the Making of the Ganga

The Alaknanda river rises at the Satopanth glacier, gathers five sacred confluences across Uttarakhand, and meets the Bhagirathi at Devprayag to form the Ganga.

Salt crystal formations along the turquoise shoreline of the Dead Sea
15 Jul 2026General Studies, Geography, GS I, World Geography

Dead Sea: Why It Is the Lowest and Saltiest

The Dead Sea is a hypersaline lake about 430 m below sea level, the lowest land on Earth. Why it is so salty, why…

A bicorne hat, rolled map and brass telescope on a dark table by candlelight
15 Jul 2026General Studies, GS I, World History

Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise, Reforms and Fall

Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the French Revolution to Emperor, gave Europe the Napoleonic Code, then fell at Waterloo. His wars, reforms, and lasting legacy.

Dense forest canopy with morning sunlight and a hazy city skyline beyond
14 Jul 2026Environment & Ecology, General Studies, Geography, GS I, Indian Geography

Sanjay Gandhi National Park, Mumbai: A Forest Inside a City

Sanjay Gandhi National Park, a forest inside Mumbai: its leopards, Kanheri Caves, Tulsi and Vihar lakes, and why it is India's model case in…

The snow-capped summit of Mount Kilimanjaro above the savanna plains of Tanzania
14 Jul 2026General Studies, Geography, GS I, Physical Geography, World Geography

Mount Kilimanjaro: Africa’s Highest Peak

Mount Kilimanjaro, at about 5,895 m, is Africa's highest peak and the world's tallest free-standing mountain. Its cones, ecological zones, shrinking glaciers, and UNESCO…

The Hubble Space Telescope orbiting above the blue limb of Earth
14 Jul 2026General Studies, GS III, Science & Tech

Hubble Space Telescope: Mission and Discoveries

The Hubble Space Telescope, launched in 1990, orbits above the atmosphere. Its mission, the 1993 mirror repair, landmark discoveries, and how it differs from…

The ceremonial gateway and empty spectator stands at the Attari-Wagah border at dusk
14 Jul 2026Border Management, General Studies, Geography, Internal Security, International Relations

Attari-Wagah Border: The Beating Retreat and Its Significance

The Attari-Wagah border explained: the only India-Pakistan road crossing, the BSF beating retreat ceremony, the Attari Integrated Check Post, trade, and its significance.

An empty formal chair behind a desk in a wood-panelled government chamber
14 Jul 2026Constitutional and Statutory Bodies, General Studies, Governance, GS II, Indian Polity

Doctrine of Pleasure in India: Explained

The Doctrine of Pleasure explained: how India adapts the English rule under Article 310, the Article 311 safeguards for civil servants, exceptions, and key…

Steel plates of freshly cooked rice, dal and vegetables at an Indian school
14 Jul 2026General Studies, Government scheme, GS II, Health, Social Justice, Welfare Schemes

Mid-Day Meal Scheme (PM POSHAN): How It Works

The Mid-Day Meal Scheme, now PM POSHAN, gives school children a hot cooked meal. Here is how it works: history, coverage, nutrition norms, funding,…

An abstract glowing volatility line rising and falling on a dark background
14 Jul 2026General Studies, GS III, Indian Economy, Reports and Indices

India VIX: What the Volatility Index Signals

India VIX is the NSE's volatility index, the market's fear gauge. Here is what it measures, how to read it, its link to the…