Science & Tech

Science and Technology for UPSC is tested for awareness rather than depth. You are not expected to derive anything: you need to know what a technology does, why it is in the news, and what it changes for India.
That framing saves an enormous amount of time. A question on semiconductors wants supply chains, dependence and policy response, not solid-state physics. A question on a vaccine platform wants the public-health and regulatory implication. The technical detail matters only up to the point where it lets you explain the consequence.
Everything here is written to that level — enough mechanism to be accurate, then straight to what it means for policy, security, the economy and everyday life.